MILLENNIUM REFERENDUM INITIATIVE

CITIZENS UNITED FOR UNITED SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA NOW

THE LAST CALL FROM THE HIGHEST AUTHORITY

THE UNTHINKABLE. THE IMPERATIVE. THE IRREVOCABLE

A successful Sub-Saharan Referendum on unity will spark an incredible awakening for Sub-Saharan Africans, unveiling the immense joy and freedom that await them. They will harness the extraordinary power within themselves and envision a vibrant future brimming with limitless possibilities. This epiphany will inspire them to realize that the journey toward complete independence, self-sustaining development, and a fulfilling life is firmly in their hands and lies within the heart of Sub-Saharan Africa, free from the burdens of external aid, debt, and influences.

UNITED WE THRIVE STRONGER AND INCREASE IN NATIONAL WEALTH. DIVIDED WE REMAIN POOR AND UNDER CONTROL.

“If We appear to seek the unattainable, it has been said, then let it be known that we do so to avoid the unimaginable.”

THE TIME FOR UNITY HAS ARRIVED

To the peoples of Sub-Saharan Africa:We are many nations, cultures, and languages—but we are one people. Together, we can forge a united future that lifts every Sub-Saharan African. Join us in this journey of transformation.

Imagine a Sub-Saharan Africa where borders are bridges, not barriers. A future where unity creates strength, and prosperity is shared by all. Together, we can build that Sub-Saharan Africa. Join the movement to make ‘One Sub-Saharan Africa, One Future’ a reality.

Sub-Saharan Africa’s destiny is in our hands. With one voice, we can shape a future defined by unity, progress, and complete independence. Join us today and be part of history.

From Cape Town to Lagos, from Addis Ababa to Central African Republic, Sub-Saharan Africa is alive with potential. But our greatest strength lies in what we can achieve together. Join us in this journey of fundamental change.

For decades, we have fought for freedom. Now, it’s time to fight for unity. Imagine a Sub-Saharan  Africa where opportunities flow freely across borders, where shared resources fuel progress, and where every voice matters under a strong Union government of the people, for the people, and by the people of Sub-Saharan Africa. Yes, We Can Create that new Sub-Saharan Africa. In God We Must Trust!

Slogans

Unity and Action
  1. “One  Sub-Saharan Africa, One Future.”
  2. “Together, We Rise.”
  3. “Unity in Diversity, Strength in Solidarity.”
  4. “Our  Sub-Continent, Our Voice, Our Destiny.”
  5. “Building Sub-Saharan Africa’s Tomorrow, Today.”
Inspired by Progress
  1. “Unite for Prosperity, Lead for Change.”
  2. “A Stronger Sub-Saharan Africa Begins with Us.”
  3. “Dream. Unite. Transform.”
  4. “From Many Nations, One Future.”
  5. “For a New Era of  Sub-Saharan African Greatness.”

A Future Worth Fighting For

  • In the heart of Sub-Saharan Africa, we stand at a pivotal moment in history. Our nations, rich with diversity and untapped potential, face a critical question:
  • can we build a stronger, united future for ourselves and the generations to come?
  • It is time for citizens and leaders across the region to come together and call for a referendum on unity.
  • A decision that will chart the course of our future, based on the shared values of peace, prosperity, and collective strength.
  • Together, Sub-Saharan Africa can rise above historical challenges.
  • Together, unleash its true potential, and secure a future of dignity, prosperity,  complete independence, and collective self-reliance.

The Importance of the Referendum 

The referendum on unity is more than a political process—it is a historic opportunity for the people of Sub-Saharan Africa to redefine their future. By uniting, the region can amplify its strengths, overcome challenges, and pave the way for lasting progress and shared prosperity.

A successful African Referendum will spark a profound awakening among Sub-Saharan Africans, enabling them to realize that joy and freedom are well within their reach; they will harness the immense power they possess; they will envision a future filled with endless possibilities; they will come to recognize that genuine independence, sustainable development, and an enhanced quality of life rely entirely on their own initiatives and the abundant resources of Sub-Saharan Africa rather than depending on external forces and aid.

Unity among our countries and their peoples has been a shared dream since before our independence. Nationalist leaders instilled the promise of unity to rally Sub-Saharan Africans in their struggle against colonialism, proving that it is this very unity that paved our path to freedom. Now is the moment for us to unite once more. Sub-Saharan Africans must come together urgently to confront both the historical legacies and the contemporary challenges we face, harnessing our vast potential to create a brighter future.

Question for consideration: If nationalist leaders instilled the promise of unity to rally Sub-Saharan Africans in their  struggle against colonialism, but fail to achieve unity after achieving independence what will they have proven to the world, to Sub-sahran Africa and its posterity?

Imagine a Sub-Saharan Africa where borders unite instead of dividing us- a region where our shared strength fuels innovation, prosperity, and peace for all. The vision for unity is more than a dream; it is a call to action. Together, we can create a future where every voice matters, every opportunity is shared, and every nation thrives as part of a greater whole. This is our time to rise above challenges, embrace our common destiny, and build a United Sub-Saharan Africa. Joing us in shaping this vision, because unity starts with you. Let’s make history together!

A referendum on the unity of Sub-Saharan African states carries significant importance, as it represents a transformative step toward achieving collective goals, addressing shared challenges, and unlocking the region’s vast potential.

THE TRIUMPHANT CALL OF UNITED SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

O sons and daughters of Sub-Saharan Africa, let us come together and celebrate the triumphs achieved for our liberation.

O sons and daughters of Sub-Saharan Africa, let us devote ourselves to rise up as one people to defend our liberty and unity and progress.

O sons and daughters of Sub-Saharan Africa, let us unite to transform Sub-Saharan Africa into a global powerhouse.

O sons and daughters of Sub-Saharan Africa, let us all unite and strive together to uphold our rights and champion the cause of freedom and progress.

O sons and daughters of Sub-Saharan Africa, let us commit ourselves to work side by side and gather strength in unity and peace.

O leaders of Sub-Saharan Africa, sons and daughters of Sub-Saharan Africa, let find courage to unite for common good and labor diligently to forge unity  and offer our very best to Sub-Saharan Africa, our pride and hope.

O sons and daughters of Sub-Saharan Africa let embrace unity now and elevate Sub-Saharan Africa and make our beautiful Sub-Saharan Africa a rising sun powerhouse on global stage.

O sons and daughters of Sub-Saharan Africa let embrace unity now and achieve our long-held collective aspiration for the United Sub-Saharan Africa.

Unity in the Vision of Founding Fathers of African Indepedence

The Addis Ababa Convention of 1963 represented a crucial opportunity for action in African history, as it sought to unite newly independent nations in addressing their shared challenges and advancing continental unity. Taking place from May 22 to May 25, 1963, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, this landmark gathering played a vital role in the establishment of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), which has since transformed into the African Union we recognize today.

Learn more

Imperial Majesty Hailie Selassie I

In his speech, the Emperor of Ethiopia raised critical concerns regarding the potential for a political union among Africa’s diverse nations. He questioned whether such a union could be achieved without compromising the sovereignty of individual states, highlighting the continent’s varied political systems, economies, and cultural traditions. The Emperor pointed out the lack of consensus on the nature of this union, whether it should be federal, confederal, or unitary, and warned that waiting for agreement might stall progress for generations. He urged fellow Heads of State to establish a continental organization that recognizes and respects this diversity while promoting national sovereignty. The speech sparked inquiries about the challenges of achieving unity in such a heterogeneous continent and the implications of historical struggles for independence.

Key Insights

President Hubert Maga, Republic of Dahomey

In his speech, President Maga emphasized the importance of the Addis Ababa meeting for laying the groundwork for African unity and addressing common challenges such as decolonization, cooperation, and the establishment of an African Common Market. He advocated for a gradual approach to unity, suggesting that while immediate unification is unrealistic, it can be pursued through incremental and concrete actions. Maga stressed the urgency of integrating African economies and enhancing the circulation of people, goods, and capital to foster a sense of belonging among African nations. He maintained the importance of respecting each state’s sovereignty and the principle of non-interference in domestic affairs.

Key Insights

Speech of President of Cameroon

President Ahidjo emphasizes the significance of the Addis Ababa Meeting as a critical moment in Africa’s journey toward freedom and unity. He argues that unity is a noble aspiration vital for the continent, yet acknowledges the existing rivalries among African leaders as significant obstacles to achieving this goal. Ahidjo calls for cooperation and economic integration among African nations as essential steps toward political unity. He reflects on the paradox of African nationalism, which once unified the struggle for independence but now faces divisions that undermine progress. Ahidjo urges his colleagues to prioritize collaborative efforts to create a united front, highlighting that true unity is both an inevitable destiny and a necessary foundation for Africa’s future.

Key Insights

Speech of President of the Republic Chad

In his speech, the President of Chad emphasizes the importance of African Unity, which he defines as the collective effort of African nations to achieve total decolonization and economic cooperation for a better life for all. He argues that true strength for Africa lies in unity rather than isolated sovereign states. The future structure of this unity should be carefully considered, whether it be unitary, federal, or confederal. He urges politicians to prioritize the common good over national sovereignty, stressing that cooperation and economic integration are essential for political unity. Tombalbaye asserts that a single African government is unthinkable and advocates for regional integration as a more viable path. He highlights that unity is rooted in the aspirations of ordinary Africans, who seek better living conditions despite cultural and linguistic differences.

Key Insights

Speech of President of Congo (Brazzaville)

In his speech, President Youlou urges African Heads of State to prioritize the “common good” through an “African Conscience” that fosters unity and decolonization on the continent. He emphasizes that national unity must be the foundation for broader continental unity, asserting that no region has successfully established a continental government. Instead, he suggests that independent states can voluntarily share sovereignty with a consultative supra-national agency that could gradually gain authority. He advocates for the creation of an Africa Charter to establish future institutions and endorses the idea of an African Common Market to enhance trade, industrialization, and stability in global markets. Youlou warns that failure to achieve unity would reflect poorly on African leaders, their citizens, and future generations.

Key Insights

President of the Republic of Congo

In his 1963 speech in Addis Ababa, the President of Congo emphasized the importance of overcoming tribalism to achieve African Unity. He advocated for a flexible approach that respects the diverse identities of each nation-state while pursuing common goals. Drawing from the Congolese experience, he highlighted that mutual confidence and respect among partners are essential for unity, warning against allowing past grievances to hinder progress. He viewed the struggle against tribalism not just as a national issue but as a continental challenge that could define Africa’s future. Kasavubu called for a Charter to assert Africa’s identity and potential on the global stage, emphasizing the need to complete decolonization as a prerequisite for true unity.

Key Insights

President of the Republic of Gabon

President Mba advocates for a gradual approach to achieving unity among African states, echoing sentiments from His Imperial Majesty about the inevitability of a transitional period. He acknowledges that while the objective of unity is shared, the methods to achieve it may differ among leaders. Mba emphasizes the need for an economic community that fosters cooperation and trade among African nations, ensuring that each state benefits fairly from collective arrangements. He believes that creating this framework will help bridge differences and lead to mutual acceptance and unity.

Key Insights

Speech of the President of the Republic of Ghana

In his speech at the Addis Ababa Conference, Kwame Nkrumah urged fellow African leaders to establish the foundations for a Union government of Africa immediately. He emphasized that true development—social and economic—could only be achieved through political unity. Nkrumah warned that failing to take decisive steps toward unity would lead to a failure of their collective aspirations for independence. He reiterated that the peoples of Africa, who fought for their freedom, expected their leaders to unite for a common purpose. By delaying unity, he argued, they risked jeopardizing their existence as independent states. Nkrumah called for immediate action to establish basic principles of continental governance, asserting that the call for unity was both a responsibility and a necessity for their future.

Key Insights

Speech of the President of the Republic of Guinea

At the Addis Ababa Conference, President Sekou Toure of Guinea passionately called for a commitment to African unity among fellow Heads of State. He proposed the establishment of a continental organization under a new “United Africa” Charter to encapsulate the aspirations of all Africans. Toure emphasized the need for sacrifices to ensure the success of the conference, which he envisioned as a pivotal moment marking a new era of unity. He argued that this united Africa would significantly contribute to the continent’s economic, social, and cultural development. Toure’s remarks also highlighted the importance of merging existing charters to create a more effective framework for African unity, addressing the various challenges that disunity presents.

Key Insights

Speech of the President of the Republic of Cote d'Ivoire

In 1963, during a conference in Addis Ababa, President Boigny urged fellow African leaders to reflect on the purpose of their newfound independence, emphasizing the necessity of unity and total liberation for the continent. He posited that achieving African Unity should be the ultimate goal, although he acknowledged the multitude of challenges that would make this endeavor complex. Boigny advocated for economic cooperation and integration as essential prerequisites for political unity, arguing that economic coordination is pivotal for political cohesion. He expressed concern that without genuine efforts towards unity and economic collaboration, future conferences would be seen as repetitive and unproductive. The essence of his message was to inspire actionable steps towards a united Africa, rooted in mutual prosperity and integrity.

Key Insights

Speech of President of the Republic of Liberia

In his 1963 speech at the Addis Ababa Conference, President Tubman emphasized the significance of the gathering for African leaders and the global community. He urged leaders to prioritize the common good over personal or national interests, highlighting that the outcomes of the conference were eagerly anticipated by Africans and the world. Tubman expressed his intention to listen openly while endorsing the Ethiopian Emperor’s vision for African Unity, discussing practical steps necessary for its realization. He concluded by advocating for a balanced approach to decision-making, urging leaders to think critically and act decisively for the continent’s future.

Key Insights

Speech of Crown Prince of Libya

In his speech, the Crown Prince of Libya called on African leaders to unite for the total decolonization of the continent, emphasizing the importance of the Addis Ababa Conference in achieving this goal. He stressed that cooperation among participating countries is crucial for success and pledged Libya’s commitment to fostering collaboration and understanding among African nations. The Crown Prince articulated that Libya’s involvement in the conference is driven by a desire to help Africa reach a state of safety and stability. He expressed the significance of African unity as a long-cherished ideal that holds hope for the continent’s people.

Key Insights

Speech of the President of the Republic of Mali

In May 1963, President Modibo Keita of Mali addressed the Addis Ababa Conference, emphasizing the significance of unity among African nations newly liberated from colonial rule. He acknowledged the ardent nationalism that fueled their independence and stressed the importance of cooperation while respecting the sovereignty and colonial borders of individual states. Keita argued that while the desire for African unity is strong, it must be approached gradually due to the complexities of the colonial legacy, which imposed artificial borders and divisions. He called for a commitment to guiding their nations toward unity, recognizing the long-term nature of this goal and the challenges posed by historical divisions and exploitation under colonialism.

 

Key Insights

President of Islamic Republic of Mauritania

President Daddah emphasizes the vital need for political unity among African nations while acknowledging the complexities that hinder this goal. He expresses a strong willingness from the Mauritanian delegation to achieve immediate unity but recognizes the challenges posed by differing economic and political conditions. Daddah advocates for a gradual, step-by-step approach towards political union, urging fellow Heads of State to lay the groundwork for African Unity during their conference. He stresses the importance of this meeting, asserting that failure would betray the hopes of the African people, who are closely watching the proceedings. Daddah passionately declares that true independence for the Mauritanian people depends on the freedom and unity of all African nations.

Key Insights

Speech of the President of the Malagasy Republic

In his address, President Tsiranana of Madagascar expressed skepticism about the establishment of a Union government of African States due to existing rivalries and divisions among African leaders. He emphasized that overcoming these divisions is essential for a unified Africa. Tsiranana argued that while a common ideal of unity exists among African nations, achieving this unity in the near future seems unrealistic. He pointed to the Addis Ababa Conference as a positive step towards dialogue among leaders but ultimately called for an Africa characterized by equal sovereign states, brotherhood, and cooperation. He urged that obstacles to unity should be identified and addressed through friendship and collaboration.

Key Insights

Speech of the President of the Republic Niger

In 1963, in Ethiopia, President Hamani emphasized the significance of African Unity during a conference in Addis Ababa. He acknowledged the widespread desire for unity among African citizens but deemed the pursuit of it as premature due to existing challenges. Hamani asserted that any African Charter should promote cooperation among nations while respecting state sovereignty and non-interference in domestic affairs. He argued that such a framework would facilitate trade and development and lay the groundwork for future unity. His remarks raised critical questions regarding the relationship between hope and reality in leadership, the implications of sovereignty on unity, and the responsibilities of African leaders towards their citizens in the post-colonial context.

Key Insights

Speech of the Prime Minister of the Federation of Nigeria

Prime Minister Belewa expressed concerns about establishing an immediate Union government among independent African States, arguing that it would complicate the continent’s existing economic and social issues. He condemned the colonial partition of Africa but recognized the challenges in reversing its legacy, emphasizing that the fragmentation of African states by colonial powers was not Africa’s fault. Belewa advocated for maintaining the status quo, suggesting that respect for inherited colonial borders is crucial to avoiding further conflict. He noted that most delegates at the conference favored a practical approach rather than a political union, aligning with his perspective that preserving current borders is essential for peace and stability in the post-independence era.

 

Key Insights

Speech of the President of the Republic of Rwanda

Habemenshi expressed optimism regarding the Addis Ababa Conference, emphasizing its potential to mark a turning point for African nations by moving beyond the legacy of the Berlin Conference, which historically divided Africa among European powers. He advocated for African Unity as essential for progress and beneficial for the continent and its people. The speech raised critical questions about the importance of this unity and the implications for African leaders if they fail to achieve it. The discussion centers around the aspirations of African peoples, the responsibilities of their leaders, and the significance of independence in the context of historical injustices.

Key Insights

Speech of the Republic of Senegal

In his speech, President Senghor articulated his vision of African Unity, emphasizing that it is rooted in a shared cultural identity known as “Africanness,” which he described as the collective achievements of African civilization. He posited that the ultimate goal of African Unity is economic growth that enhances the potential of every African individual. At the Addis Ababa Conference, Senghor aimed to unify various factions into a cohesive entity but cautioned against rushing into the formation of a political federation, warning of potential disasters if not approached gradually. He highlighted the need to address existing obstacles to unity, fostering a careful and measured path forward.

Key Insight

Speech of Prime Minister of Sierra Leone

President Milton Margai of Sierra Leone addressed fellow Heads of States, emphasizing the long-held aspiration for African Unity among the people of Sierra Leone. He expressed confidence that the perceived divisions within the continent are temporary and urged leaders to seize the opportunity for cooperation to enhance economic, social, educational, scientific, and cultural development. Margai articulated the importance of reaffirming the fundamental basis of unity at their conference, suggesting that the meeting would only be deemed successful if they collectively commit to this goal. He further highlighted the global anticipation for positive outcomes from their gathering in Addis Ababa, hinting at the significance of unity in the eyes of the world.

Key Insights

Speech of the President of the Somali Republic

In his speech, President Osman urged fellow Heads of State to address the legacy of colonialism, which he believes is the primary source of rivalries and divisions in post-independence Africa. He criticized the artificial political boundaries imposed by colonial powers, arguing that they have disrupted traditionally integrated societies and hindered African Unity. While he acknowledges that altering these boundaries could exacerbate tensions, he rejects the notion that they should remain untouched, as doing so would condone historical injustices and reflect a defeatist attitude. Osman emphasizes that achieving African Unity is unlikely in the short term, as states may be reluctant to relinquish their sovereignty. He advocates for gradual cooperation among African nations as a means to build towards closer unity.

Key Insights

Speech of the Prime Minister of Sudan

In his speech, Prime Minister Abboud of Sudan emphasizes the vital importance of African Unity as a means to confront shared challenges and aspirations. He articulates a vision for this unity, rooted in a deep historical desire among African leaders and peoples, asserting that unity should not merely be a token effort, but a committed endeavor to overcome both internal and external obstacles. Abboud calls for frank discussions and an atmosphere of confidence as the foundation for achieving this long-cherished dream. He argues that while historically imposed boundaries have been accepted post-independence, true unity is essential for Africa to develop solutions to its common problems and to create a distinct identity separate from colonial influences.

Key Insights

Speech of the President of the Republic of Tanganyika

In his 1963 speech in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, President Julius Nyerere emphasized the need for African unity and the urgency of taking action to achieve it. He asserted that the desire for unity is universally shared among African nations, regardless of external pressures that highlight differences. Nyerere stated that the time for discussion has passed; the focus should now be on supporting non-independent African nations through the resources and cooperation of independent states. He acknowledged that achieving unity is a gradual process, requiring sustained effort rather than mere will. Nyerere’s remarks underline the importance of human agency in realizing African unity, suggesting that it cannot be achieved by divine intervention alone.

Key Insights

Speech of the President of the Republic of Tunisia

President Bourguiba’s speech addresses the significant challenges facing post-independence African societies, emphasizing issues of decolonization, development, and unity. He argues that economic development and decolonization are prerequisites for achieving unity, which should stem from mutual respect and awareness of common problems. He urges African leaders to focus on a “unity of purpose,” which he believes can be achieved immediately rather than through formal declarations or constitutions. Bourguiba stresses that genuine unity requires understanding, esteem, and the consent of the people, advocating for a grassroots approach to foster solidarity and respect for sovereignty among African nations.

Key Insights

Speech of Prime Minister of Uganda

In his speech, Ugandan Prime Minister Milton Obote emphasized the urgent need for Africa to forge a “new identity” and “new orientation” as it grapples with the legacies of colonialism. He identified two primary challenges: the complete decolonization of the continent and the transformation of its social and economic structures. Obote called for a unified approach among African nations, proposing the establishment of an African Central Legislature and Executive to address critical issues such as a Common Market, economic planning, collective defense, and a unified foreign policy. He advocated for a deeper political and economic union among independent African states, suggesting the formation of a committee to explore these possibilities.

Key Insights

President of the United Arab Republic

In his speech at Addis Ababa, President Nasser emphasized that their gathering was the result of prior negotiations and a collective desire for unity among African nations. He articulated that true unity would involve not just the merging of resources but also the collective physical and mental energy of the nations. Nasser proposed the establishment of an African League, which would include a charter for the continent and a systematic agenda for regular meetings among African leaders. He underscored the idea that achieving unity was paramount, driven by an overwhelming call that could not be ignored. His remarks also prompted questions about the respect for the sovereignty of independent African states and the significance of sovereignty in the context of African nationalism and independence.

Key Insights

Speech of the President of Upper Volta

In his address at the Addis Ababa Meeting, President Yameogo of Upper Volta emphasized his mandate from the people to secure the Charter of African Unity. He articulated a vision of African Unity as a transformative force, heralding a new ethical framework and fostering human relations rooted in humanity. Yameogo urged the Heads of State to prioritize unity over division, advocating for flexibility in the structures of their future union to ensure resilience. He highlighted that unity is essential for strength in Africa, calling it a refuge amidst challenges. The speech raises questions about the nature of sovereignty, the role of the masses in post-independence governance, and the legitimacy of institutions formed without broad participation.

 

Key Insights

Speech of His Majesty the King of Burundi

In his speech, the King of Burundi emphasizes the urgent need for African leaders to unite in addressing the continent’s underdevelopment, which he describes as a state of “technical inferiority” compared to other regions. He identifies the root causes of Africa’s challenges, including geography, colonialism, and post-colonial issues, urging his fellow Heads of State to view the Addis Ababa Meeting as a chance to confront these obstacles. The King believes that while colonial legacies can be overcome, challenges such as dependency on aid and attempts to undermine African unity by former colonial powers remain pressing. He advocates for African Unity as the key to overcoming these development hurdles, highlighting the shared values and similarities among African civilizations. He calls for collective action from African leaders and institutions to achieve this unity, which he argues will lead to transformative progress.

Key Insights

Speech of the President of the Central African Republic

In his speech at the Addis Ababa Conference, President Dacko emphasizes the importance of establishing African Unity, a commitment shared by the citizens of the Central African Republic. He expresses the hope that the conference will yield concrete agreements rather than mere declarations. Dacko stresses that achieving a prosperous and united Africa must respect each nation’s sovereignty and existing international relations. He warns against the abrupt abrogation of agreements, which could lead to significant crises across the continent. Dacko advocates for creating an African Charter to lay the groundwork for an African Common Market, aimed at promoting trade and stabilizing raw material prices.

Key Insights

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA ANALYSIS

Population Dynamics and Access to Services

Total population and access to basic services

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is experiencing significant demographic changes characterized by a growing total population, shifts between rural and urban living, and the implications of these trends on economic development. As of 2023, the total population in Sub-Saharan Africa is estimated to be over 1.2 billion people, with projections indicating continued growth in the coming decades. This rapid population increase is primarily driven by high birth rates

Access to electricity

In 2020, just 49 percent of Sub-Saharan Africa’s population had access to electricity, highlighting a significant energy gap compared to 97 percent in East Asia and the Pacific and 96 percent in South Asia. Globally 91 percent of the global rural population had electricity access that year.

Access to basic drinking water services

In 2020 only 63 percent of the population in Sub-Saharan Africa had access to basic drinking water services compared to 95.2 percent in East Asia and the Pacific and 92.1 percent in South Asia.Globally 90 percent of people enjoy access to essential drinking water services.

Access to Basic Sanitation services

In 2020, only 34 percent of the Sub-Saharan Africa population had access to basic sanitation, compared to 92 percent in East Asia and the Pacific and 70 percent in South Asia. Globally, 78 percent of the global population benefited from basic sanitation, while many in Sub-Saharan Africa remained without these essential services, underscoring the urgent need for collective efforts to improve access for all.

 

Rural population and access to basic services

in Sub-Saharan The rural population in Sub-Saharan Africa has shown a gradual increase over recent years. In 2023, the rural population was approximately 718 million, reflecting an absolute change of  approximately 33 million increases from the previous year. This trend indicates that while urbanization is accelerating, a substantial portion of the population continues to reside in rural areas.This data illustrates that although there is an ongoing trend toward urbanization, many individuals still depend on agriculture and other rural livelihoods.

Access to electricity

In 2020, only 29% of the rural population in Sub-Saharan Africa had access to electricity, which is a stark contrast to the 96% in East Asia and the Pacific and 95% in South Asia. While 83% of the rural population worldwide enjoys reliable electricity.

Access to basic drinking water services

In 2020, only 49 percent of the rural population in Sub-Saharan Africa had access to essential drinking water services, in stark contrast to 90 percent in East Asia and 90.3 percent in South Asia. 82 percent of the global rural population accessed to basic drinking water during the same period,  underlining the critical need for unified efforts to achieve universal access to this vital resource in rural Sub-Saharan Africa.

Access to basic sanitation services

In 2020, it was disheartening to see that only 24% of the rural population in Sub-Saharan Africa had access to basic sanitation services, starkly contrasting with the 85% and 66% in East Asia and the Pacific and South Asia, respectively. During the same period, 66% of the global rural population enjoyed basic sanitation. These disparities underscore the urgent need for compassion and action to aid those lacking these essential resources in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Urban population and access to basic services

Conversely, urban areas in Sub-Saharan Africa are expanding rapidly. As of 2023, urban centers accommodate around 472 million people, with projections suggesting this number could double within the next 25 years due to an annual urban growth rate of approximately 4.1%, significantly higher than the global average of 2.0%. This shift towards urban living is driven by several factors, including economic opportunities and access to services. As urbanization progresses, it is projected that by 2050 more people will live in urban settings than in rural ones across Africa for the first time.

Acces to electricity

In 2020, only 78% of urban residents in Sub-Saharan Africa had access to electricity, trailing behind the 97% in East Asia and the Pacific and 99% in South Asia. Interestingly, in that same year, a striking 97% of the global urban population had electricity access.

Access to basic drinking water services

In 2020, 84 percent of the urban population in Sub-Saharan Africa had access to basic drinking water, compared to 98 percent in East Asia and the Pacific and 92 percent in South Asia, while in 2020, a remarkable 96 percent of the global urban population benefited from essential drinking water services.

Access to basic sanitation services

In 2020, just 48 percent of the urban population in Sub-Saharan Africa had access to basic sanitation services, starkly contrasting with 85 percent in East Asia and the Pacific and 78 percent in South Asia. This gap reveals a significant concern, especially given that 87 percent of the global urban population had basic sanitation access in 2020, emphasizing the critical need for advancements in Sub-Saharan Africa.

 

Health and Wellness Outcomes

Life expectancy in Sub-Saharan Africa

The analysis of life expectancy over the past seventy years shows significant global progress while Sub-Saharan Africa has experienced only modest improvements. Global life expectancy for newborns increased from 51 years in 1960 to 72 years in 2020, but in Sub-Saharan Africa, it only rose from 41 years to 61 years. In contrast, regions such as East Asia and South Asia have achieved remarkable gains, with life expectancies rising from 41 to 77 years and 45 to 70 years, respectively. These disparities underscore the ongoing challenges in Sub-Saharan communities and highlight our collective responsibility to promote a healthier future for everyone.

Under-5 mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa

Since 1950, global child mortality rates have significantly declined, reflecting improved living standards, healthcare access, nutrition, and safe drinking water. In wealthy regions like Europe and North America, rates are now below four percent, showcasing the success of public health initiatives. However, Sub-Saharan Africa still lags, with child mortality dropping from 179 per 1000 live births in 1990 to 75 in 2020, while East Asia and the Pacific saw reductions from 57 to 15, and South Asia from 130 to 39. Overall, global child mortality rates fell from 93 per 1000 live births in 2000 to 39 in 2020, underscoring the urgent need for improved health outcomes for children in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Maternal morality in Sub-Saharan Africa

Pregnancy-related fatalities highlight serious regional inequalities, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, where high birth rates lead to increased maternal mortality. The decline in maternal deaths in this area from 802 in 2000 to 536 in 2020 emphasizes the urgent need for enhanced healthcare systems to protect mothers and infants. In contrast, East Asia and the Pacific and South Asia have achieved substantial reductions, with East Asia and the Pacific lowering maternal deaths from 121 to 74 and South Asia from 417 to 138 during the same period. These advancements reflect the potential for meaningful progress through effective governance and healthcare policies, instilling hope for families aspiring to healthier futures.

Fragmentation of the Sub-Saharan African Economy

The diverse economies of Sub-Saharan Africa are marked by the existence of numerous small nations, each grappling with relatively low income levels and limited market sizes. This fragmentation poses significant challenges in achieving economies of scale and competing effectively on the global stage. Among the 48 countries in the region, 20 have populations under 10 million, with 14 of these falling below 5 million and 4 having populations less than 7 million. Furthermore, 15 countries have populations under 30 million, including 5 with fewer than 15 million and another 4 below 20 million. Only 13 countries surpass the 30 million mark, and of these, 6 have populations under 50 million. Remarkably, just 7 out of the 48 countries exceed 50 million residents, namely Sudan, Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, and Nigeria.

Countries with Under 10 Million Inhabitants (20),2023

Table 1 below shows that in 2023, 20 Sub-Saharan African countries had a total population of approximately 64 million people according to the World Bank, while Tanzania’s population was around 67 million. In the same year, these 20 countries collectively had a GDP of less than 145 billion dollars, compared to Ethiopia, which had a GDP of 164 billion dollars. These 20 countries represent 5 percent of Sub-Saharan Africa’s overall population and 7 percent of the region’s GDP (World Development Indicators -2025).

Table 1. Country

Population,total
GDP (current US$)

GNI per capita, Atlas method(currentUS$)

Number in poverty                             ($2.15 a day)

Number of undernourished people FAO
Seychelles
119,773
2,141,450,171
16,940
495 (2018)
100,000 (2021)
Sao Tome and Principe
230,871
678,976,265
2,580
32,711 (2017)
100,000 (2021)
Cabo Verde
522,331
2,533,819,406
4,780
25,202 (2015)
100,000 (2021)
Comoros
850,387
1,352,380,971
1,610
133,230 (2014)
100,000 (2021)
Eswatini
1,230,506
2,141,450,171
3,690
412,765 (2016)
100,000 (2021)
Mauritius
1,261,041
2,396,111,022
11,590
1,585 (2017)
100,000 (2021)
Equatorial Guinea
1,847,549
12,337,550,584
4,840
No Data
No Data
Guinea-Bissau
2,153,339
2,048,348,108
940
543,754 (2021)
800,000 (2021)
Lesotho
2,311,472
4,240,000,000
1,250
704,521 (2017)
1,000,000 (2021)
Botswana
2,480,244
19,396,084,498
8,340
361,796 (2015)
600,000 (2021)
Gabon
2,484,789
19,388,402,542
7,930
52,834 (2017)
500,000 (2021)
Gambia, The
2,697,845
2,396,111,022
870
444,721 (2020)
500,000 (2021)
Namibia
2,963,095
12,351,025,067
4,280
358,204 (2015)
400,000 (2021)
Eritrea
..
..
..
No Data
No Data
Mauritania
5,022,441
10,651,709,411
2,130
238, 428 (2019)
400,000 (2021)
Central African Republic
5,152,421
2,555,492,085
530
3,583,522 (2021)
2,700,000 (2021)
Liberia
5,493,031
4,240,000,000
710
1,299,718 (2016)
2,000,000 (2021)
Congo, Rep.
6,182,885
15,321,055,823
2,450
1,651,431 (2011)
1,900,000 (2021)
Sierra Leone
8,460,512
6,411,869,546
870
2,048,810 (2018)
2,300,000 (2021)
Togo
9,304,337
9,171,261,838

1,000

2,332,972 (2021)
1,500,000 (2021)
Total

64,239,259

Population,share of SSA(%): 5

$144,180,900,395

GDP, share of SSA(%):7

..
Sub-Saharan Africa
Total population,2023

1,259,902,353

GDP (CurrentUS$),2023

$2,044,578,421,950

..

Countries Under 30 Million Inhabitants (15),2023

In 2023, as indicated in Table 2, 15 Sub-Saharan African countries had a combined population of approximately 283 million people according to the World Bank, while Nigeria alone  had around 228 million people. In 2023, the collective GDP of these 15 countries was under 300 billion dollars, contrasting sharply with South Africa’s GDP of 381 billion dollars. Together, these 15 nations comprised 14 percent of Sub-Saharan Africa’s total population and contributed 22 percent to the region’s GDP (World Development Indicators -2025).

Table 2. Country

Population,total
GDP (current US$)

GNI per capita, Atlas  method(currentUS$)

People in poverty                        ( $2.15 a day)
Number of undernourshed people FAO
South Sudan
11,483,374
..
..
7,313,200 (2016)
2,300,000 (2021)
Burundi
13,689,450
2,642,161,669
220
7,615,392 (2020)
No Data
Rwanda
13,954,471
14,097,768,472
990
6,324,619 (2016)
4,300,000 (2021)
Benin
14,111,034
19,676,049,076
1,390
1,687,600 (2021)
1,300,000 (2021)
Guinea
14,405,468
22,199,409,741
1,350
1,757,392 (2018)
1,800,000 (2021)
Zimbabwe
16,340,822
35,231,367,886
2,060
6,104,153 (2019)
6,100,000 (2021)
Senegal
18,077,573
30,848,333,084
1,630
1,706,314 (2021)
1,000,000 (2021)
Somalia
18,358,615
10,968,517,090
590
No Data
8,300,000 (2021)
Chad
19,319,064
13,149,325,362
670
5,466,798 (2022)
5,400,000 (2021)
Zambia
20,723,965
27,577,956,471
1,290
12,881,325 (2022)
5,800,000 (2021)
Malawi
21,104,482
12,712,150,082
600
13,329,276 (2019)
3,500,000 (2021)
Burkina Faso
23,025,776
20,324,617,845
860
5,683,460 (2021)
3,600,000 (2021)
Mali
23,769,127
20,661,794,596
840
4,648,860 (2021)
2,800,000 (2021)
Niger
26,159,867
16,819,170,421
620
13,023,112 (2021)
4,100,000 (2021)
Cameroon
28,372,687
49,279,410,983
1,690
6,363,852 (2021)
1,700,000 (2021)
Total

282,895,775

Population,share of SSA(%): 22

$296,188,032,777

GDP, share of

SSA (%):14

..
..
..
Sub-Saharan Africa
Total population, 2023

1,259,902,353

GDP (Current US$),2023

$2,044,578,421,950

..
..
..

Countries with More Than 30 Million Residents(13), 2023

In 2023, around 913 million individuals lived in 13 Sub-Saharan African countries, as reported by the World Bank, with Congo, Dem Rep., Ethiopia, and Nigeria representing nearly 51 percent of this population. These nations together produced a GDP of approximately 1.6 trillion dollars, contributing significantly to the total Sub-Saharan African GDP of 2 trillion dollars. Importantly, these 13 countries accounted for 72 percent of the region’s total population and generated 78 percent of its GDP (World Development Indicators – 2025).

Table 3. Country

Population,total
GDP (current US$)

GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$)

Population in poverty                ($2.15 a day)
Number of undernourished people FAO
Madagascar
31,195,932
15,790,113,247
510
18,907,122 (2012)
14,800,000 (2021)
Mozambique
33,635,160
20,954,220,984
540
23,183,408 (2019)
9,800,000 (2021)
Ghana
33,787,914
76,370,396,722
2,360
7,576,500 (2016)
1,600,000 (2021)
Angola
36,749,906
84,824,654,482
2,120
9,790,000 (2018)
7,400,000 (2021)
Uganda
48,656,601
48,768,955,863
970
18,480,600 (2019)
14,500,000 (2021)
Sudan
50,042,791
109,265,503,111
880
5,647,827 (2014)
5,400,000 (2021)
Kenya
55,339,003
108,038,588,971
2,110
19,159,440  (2021)
14,700,000(2021)
South Africa
63,212,384
380,699,271,815
6,480
11,410,567 (2014)
4,700,000(2021)
Tanzania
66,617,606
79,062,403,821
1,220
26,045,692 (2018)
14,900,000(2021)
Congo, Dem. Rep
105,789,731
66,383,287,003
630
73,300,160  (2020)
33,800,000(2021)
Cote d'Ivoire
31,165,654
78,875,489,245
2,470
2,724,318  (2021)
2,100,000 (2021)
Ethiopia
128,691,692

163,697,927,594

1,110
28,032,298 (2015)
26,400,000(2021)
Nigeria
227,882,945

363,846,332,835

1,880
62,367,092  (2018)
34,000,000 (2021)
Total

912,767,319

Population, share of

SSA (%):72

 

$1,596,577,145,691

GDP, share of

SSA (%): 78

..
..
..
Sub-Saharan Africa
Total population, 2023

1,259,902,353

GDP (current US$),2023

$ 2,044,578,421,950

..
..
..

State of Sub-Saharan Africa Sixty Years Post-Independence : A Global Perspective

Lowest income per capita in the world, 2022

GDP per capita in Sub-Saharan Africa rose from $2,938  in 1990 to $3,767 in 2022, an increase of $829 . In East Asia and the Pacific, per capita income grew from $5,160  in 1990 to $19,195 dollars in 2022, a substantial rise of $14,305. South Asia saw its per capita income change from $1,961 in 1990 to $6,720 in 2022, an increase of $4,759 . Globally, per capita income went from $9,718  in 1990 to $17,527 dollars in 2022, an increase of $7,809, highlighting that Sub-Saharan Africa is the only developing region where income has hardly changed despite the overall global wealth increase over the last few decades, Why?

In a world where technological advancements have propelled global wealth to new heights over the past 50 years, it is deeply concerning that Sub-Saharan Africa stands as the only developing region grappling with stagnation in per capita income, a reality that feels particularly disheartening given the region’s rich natural and human resources, especially in light of the optimistic forecasts made in the 1960s that envisioned it flourishing beyond its Asian counterparts with fewer natural endowments.

Highest number of people living in extreme poverty, 2024

The share of the population living in extreme poverty, defined as living on less than 2.15 dollars a day, has exhibited significant variation across different regions and globally. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the poverty rate has decreased from 54.6 percent in 1990 to 34.5 percent in 2024; however, the number of individuals in extreme poverty rose from 282.2 million to 464.2 million during this period. Conversely, East Asia and the Pacific saw a dramatic reduction in their poverty rate, which plummeted from 65 percent in 1990 to just 0.82 percent in 2024, resulting in a decline in extreme poverty from 1.04 billion to 17.6 million. Additionally, South Asia made notable progress, reducing its poverty rate from 50 percent in 1990 to 7.6 percent in 2024, while the number of individuals living in extreme poverty decreased from 570.9 million to 148.7 million. On a global scale, the overall poverty rate fell from 37.9 percent in 1990 to 8.6 percent in 2024, with the population in extreme poverty declining from 2 billion to 693 million, yet Sub-Saharan Africa remains the only developing region where extreme poverty has continued to increase since 1990.

Highest number of hungry people, 2023

The number of undernourished individuals in Sub-Saharan Africa has alarmingly surged from 173 million in the year 2000 to a staggering 277.7 million in 2023, underscoring a critical and urgent issue within the region that demands immediate attention. In stark contrast, Eastern Asia has made remarkable strides in reducing undernourishment, witnessing a dramatic decline from 151 million in 2000 to an impressive zero in 2023. Similarly, Southeastern Asia has achieved significant progress, with the number of undernourished individuals dropping from 106.3 million to 41.7 million during the same period. On a global scale, the overall number of undernourished people has decreased from 785 million in 2000 to 733.4 million in 2023, reflecting positive advancements in various areas. However, it is particularly concerning that Sub-Saharan Africa stands out as the only developing region where the number of undernourished individuals continues to rise, especially given that it possesses the largest arable land area in the world, which raises questions about the effectiveness of governance practices and resource management in addressing hunger.

Highest number of stunted children, 2022

The number of stunted children under five reflects significant growth issues due to poor nutrition or frequent infections. In Sub-Saharan Africa, this number rose from 44.8 million in 1990 to 59.3 million in 2022, an increase of 14.5 million or 32%. Conversely, in East Asia and the Pacific, the count fell dramatically from 76.9 million to 18.9 million, a decrease of 58 million or 75%. Similarly, South Asia saw a decline from 101.8 million to 53.4 million, down by 48.4 million or 48%. Globally, stunted children decreased from 258.6 million in 1990 to 148.1 million, a reduction of 110.4 million or 43%, making Sub-Saharan Africa the only region where child malnutrition continues to rise,Why?

Highest total population without access to electricity (million),2000-2022

Between the years 2000 and 2022, the number of individuals in Sub-Saharan Africa who lack access to electricity saw a troubling increase, rising from 504 million to 590 million. This stark reality is in sharp contrast to the significant progress made in both East Asia and the Pacific and South Asia, where the number of people without electricity dramatically decreased from 164 million to 48 million and from 593 million to 39 million, respectively. This growing disparity is not just a statistic; it highlights the urgent need for comprehensive initiatives and innovative strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa to effectively tackle this critical issue and ensure that millions of people can achieve reliable access to electricity, which is essential for improving their quality of life and fostering economic development.

Highest rural population without access to electricity (million), 2000-2022

Between 2000 and 2022, the population without access to electricity in rural Sub-Saharan Africa surged from 411 million to 488 million, illustrating a profound and persistent challenge for the region’s development and economic growth. In stark contrast, East Asia and the Pacific, along with South Asia, achieved remarkable advancements, with the number of rural residents lacking electricity decreasing dramatically from 301 million to 27 million and from 543 million to just 25 million, respectively. This alarming trend not only highlights the disparity in energy access but also underscores the urgent necessity for innovative strategies and comprehensive solutions aimed at bridging the energy access gap in Sub-Saharan Africa, which is essential for enhancing quality of life and fostering sustainable development.

Lowest access to electricity in Primary, Upper Secondary and Lower Secondary schools in the world, 2015-2022

The situation in Sub-Saharan Africa regarding access to electricity in schools is deeply concerning, as evidenced by a decline in access for primary schools from 32.15 percent in 2015 to just 32.07 percent in 2022. Upper secondary schools have seen a similar decrease, dropping from 57.03 percent to 52.2 percent, while lower secondary schools have fallen from 47.65 percent to 43.7 percent within the same period. In striking contrast, Eastern and South-Eastern Asia have made remarkable progress, with primary school access climbing from 86.08 percent in 2011 to 90.62 percent in 2022, upper secondary schools rising ever so slightly from 96.98 percent to 97.13 percent, and lower secondary schools experiencing a significant improvement from 92.41 percent to 96.4 percent. On a global scale, the trends are similarly encouraging; access to primary schools surged from 65.01 percent in 2011 to an impressive 77.44 percent in 2022, upper secondary schools increased from 87.68 percent to 90.6 percent, and lower secondary schools advanced from 77.44 percent to 87.17 percent. It is deeply troubling that children in Sub-Saharan Africa continue to be among the few in developing regions deprived of this essential resource, raising urgent questions about the commitment to equity and the prioritization of education in the region.

Lowest access to basic services , 2000 to 2022

Access to electricity as a percentage of the population highlights a significant challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa where the proportion of individuals with electricity access increased from 25.7 percent in 2000 to only 50.58 percent in 2021. In stark contrast, regions such as East Asia and the Pacific experienced a substantial rise from 92.1 percent to 98.2 percent, and South Asia saw a remarkable surge from 57.9 percent to 98.76 percent. On a global scale, the improvement from 78.4 percent to 91.4 percent emphasizes the urgent need for targeted efforts in Sub-Saharan Africa, where many continue to face barriers in accessing this vital resource that has the potential to transform lives and elevate communities. Access to clean fuels and cooking technologies in Sub-Saharan Africa has improved from 8.9 percent in 2000 to 19.11 percent in 2021, indicating a modest enhancement in living standards. Meanwhile, East Asia and the Pacific recorded a dramatic increase from 41.04 percent to 81.5 percent, and South Asia experienced a significant rise from 20.40 percent to 62.9 percent during the same timeframe. Globally, access improved from 49.1 percent to 71.3 percent. Despite these advancements, Sub-Saharan Africa lags considerably, revealing ongoing challenges in securing this essential resource and raising critical questions about the underlying factors at play.

Lowest access to basic drinking water and basic sanitation, 2000 to 2022

In Sub-Saharan Africa, access to basic drinking water services rose from 45.4 percent in 2000 to 65.1 percent in 2022, illustrating a substantial yet insufficient improvement when compared to regions like East Asia and the Pacific, where access surged from 80.3 percent to 96.5 percent in the same timeframe, and South Asia, which experienced an increase from 81.4 percent to 93.1 percent. This global perspective reveals that the proportion of individuals gaining access to basic drinking water services grew from 80.3 percent to 91.2 percent, highlighting ongoing challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa in securing this vital resource and the urgent necessity for targeted interventions in the region, particularly in contrast to other developing areas. Additionally, access to basic sanitation services in Sub-Saharan Africa improved from 22.2 percent in 2000 to 34.6 percent in 2022, yet this progress pales in comparison to the significant gains seen in East Asia and the Pacific, which leaped from 60.8 percent to 93.5 percent, and South Asia, which saw an extraordinary rise from 17.8 percent to 75.5 percent. On a broader scale, global access to basic sanitation services advanced from 55.4 percent to 80.6 percent, signifying a pressing need for continued efforts to enhance these essential services in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Lowest participation rate in formal education for adult over 25 years
Average years of formal education for adults over 25 have seen a significant increase across various regions from 1990 to 2022, reflecting a global trend towards enhanced educational attainment. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the average has impressively grown from 3.6 to 6.0 years, highlighting the region’s gradual progress despite ongoing challenges. Meanwhile, East Asia and the Pacific experienced a substantial rise from 4.1 to 8.2 years, showcasing the effectiveness of educational investments in that area. High-income countries noted an increase from 10.1 to 12.7 years, further illustrating the disparity in educational opportunities available globally. South Asia also made strides, with its average rising from 3.0 years to 6.6 years, indicating a positive shift in adult education. Overall, the global average for adults over 25 has moved from 5.9 to 8.7 years, underscoring the critical fact that Sub-Saharan Africa continues to have the lowest participation rate in formal education for this demographic, which remains a challenge in the pursuit of equitable education worldwide.
Highest number of children out of school ,2000 to 2023

The education landscape has undergone notable changes worldwide, revealing both obstacles and advances. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the number of out-of-school youth aged in upper secondary school rose sharply from 24.6 million in 2000 to 32.3 million in 2023, while the number of out-of-school adolescents increased from 22.9 million to 27.4 million in the same timeframe. However, there was a slight improvement for primary school-aged children, with numbers decreasing from 39.2 million to 37.5 million. In contrast, Eastern and South-Eastern Asia saw a significant decline; out-of-school youth in upper secondary education fell from 43.7 million to 16.7 million, and out-of-school adolescents dropped from 17.5 million to 8.6 million, with primary school-aged children decreasing from 12.4 million to 7.9 million. Globally, a similar positive trend emerged, as the number of out-of-school youth in upper secondary education decreased from 172.2 million in 2000 to 117.2 million in 2023, with out-of-school adolescents falling from 94.5 million to 55.3 million, and primary school-aged children dropping from 122.6 million to 71.8 million, highlighting a significant movement towards better educational access and equity around the worldexcept in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Lowest completion rate of primary education, 2000 to 2023

Share of people 3-5 years above the expected age of completion that have completed their primary education

In Sub-Saharan Africa, completion rate of primary education increased from 46.70% in 2000 to 67.30% in 2023, an absolute change of +20.6pp and a a relative change of 44%. In Northern Africa and Western Asia completion rate of primary education increased from 73.80% to 90.30%, an absolute change of +16.5 pp and a reo 97.60% in 2lative change of 22%. In Latin America and the Caribbean, completion rate of primary education increased from 81.80% in 2000 to 93.40% in 2023, an absolute change of +11.6pp and a relative change of 14%. In Eastern and South-Eastern Asia, completion rate of primary education increased from 89.90% in 2000 to 97.60% in 2023, an absolute change of +0.4pp and a relative change of 0%. In High income countries, completion rate of primary education increased from 99.30% in 2000 to 99.70% in 2023, an absolute change of +0.4pp and a relative change of 0%. In Europe and Northern America, completion rate of primary education increased from 99.40% in 2000 to 99.70% in 2023, an absolute change of +0.3pp and a a relative change of 0%.

Lowest completion rate of lower – secondary education, 2000 to 2023

In Sub-Saharan Africa, the completion rate of lower-secondary education saw a significant rise from 31.00% in 2000 to 46.70% in 2023, reflecting an absolute increase of 15.7 percentage points and a relative change of 51%. Similarly, in Northern Africa and Western Asia, the completion rate improved from 49.10% in 2000 to 73.10% in 2023, marking an absolute change of 24.0 percentage points and a relative increase of 49%. In Latin America and the Caribbean, the completion rate rose from 63.80% in 2000 to 84.40% in 2023, translating to an absolute change of 20.6 percentage points and a relative increase of 32%. Eastern and South-Eastern Asia experienced an increase in completion rates from 66.10% in 2000 to 89.50% in 2023, with an absolute change of 23.4 percentage points and a relative change of 35%. In high-income countries, the completion rate rose modestly from 94.90% in 2000 to 97.70% in 2023, showing an absolute change of 2.8 percentage points and a relative change of 3%. Lastly, in Europe and Northern America, the completion rate increased from 95.70% in 2000 to 98.10% in 2023, which represents an absolute change of 2.4 percentage points and a relative increase of 3%.

Lowest completion rate of upper-secondary education, 2000 to 2023

In recent years, the global landscape of upper-secondary education completion has seen notable progress, although disparities remain evident. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the completion rate rose from 19.40% in 2000 to 28.00% in 2023, reflecting an absolute change of 8.6 percentage points and a relative increase of 44%. Meanwhile, Northern Africa and Western Asia experienced a significant rise from 34.60% to 59.60%, marking a 25 percentage point increase and a 72% relative change. Latin America and the Caribbean also demonstrated improvement, with completion rates climbing from 43.00% to 64.60%, an increase of 21.6 percentage points, equivalent to a relative change of 50%. Eastern and South-Eastern Asia showed remarkable progress, with rates soaring from 33.20% to 74.10%, representing an absolute change of 40.9 percentage points and a staggering relative increase of 123%. In contrast, high-income countries had a more modest increase from 82.30% to 88.80%, resulting in a change of 6.5 percentage points and a relative growth of 8%. Overall, the global completion rate improved from 37.50% in 2000 to 59.40% in 2023, indicating an absolute increase of 21.9 percentage points and a relative change of 58%.

Highest adult illiteracy rate, 1985 to 2022

The global landscape of adult literacy has seen significant improvements over the years, particularly among individuals aged 15 and older. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the literacy rate rose markedly from 49.67% in 1985 to 67.93% in 2022. East Asia and the Pacific experienced an impressive rise from 74% to 97% within the same timeframe. Europe and Central Asia maintained a high literacy rate of 98.54% in 2022, while Latin America and the Caribbean increased their rates from 82.57% to 94.60%. The Middle East and North Africa also benefited from a rise in literacy, which improved from 51.94% to 80.36%. South Asia’s literacy rate advanced from 41.79% to 74.19%, contributing to a global increase from 70.80% to 87.01%.

Lowest life expectancy in Developing world,, 1980-2022

The analysis of life expectancy over the past seventy years shows that while the world has made significant progress, Sub-Saharan Africa has seen only slight improvements. From 1980 to 2022, global life expectancy for newborns increased from 62 years to 72 years, whereas in Sub-Saharan Africa, it only climbed from 49 years to 61 years. In comparison, East Asia and South Asia have made impressive gains, with life expectancies rising from 65 to 77 years and 54 to 68 years, respectively. These differences highlight the ongoing challenges faced by Sub-Saharan communities and remind us of our shared responsibility to work towards a healthier future for all in the region.

Highest under-5 mortality rate in Developing world

Since 1950, global child mortality rates have significantly declined, reflecting improved living standards, healthcare access, nutrition, and safe drinking water. In wealthy regions like Europe and North America, rates are now below seven percent, showcasing the success of public health initiatives. However, Sub-Saharan Africa still lags, with child mortality dropping from 179 per 1000 live births in 1990 to 71 in 2022, while East Asia and the Pacific saw reductions from 57 to 15, and South Asia from 130 to 36. Overall, global child mortality rates fell from 93 per 1000 live births in 1990 to 37 in 2022, underscoring the urgent need for improved health outcomes for children in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Highest maternal morality ratio in Developing World

Pregnancy-related fatalities reveal significant regional disparities, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, where elevated birth rates contribute to a troubling rate of maternal mortality. The reduction in maternal deaths in this region, from 802 in 2000 to 536 in 2020, underscores the pressing need for improved healthcare systems to safeguard mothers and infants. In contrast, East Asia and the Pacific, along with South Asia, have made considerable strides in this regard, with East Asia and the Pacific reducing maternal deaths from 121 to 74 and South Asia from 417 to 138 during the same timeframe. These achievements demonstrate the possibility of substantial progress through effective governance and healthcare policies, offering hope to families striving for healthier futures.

HIGHEST NUMBER OF COUPS IN THE WORLD

Of 492 attempted or successful coups carried out around the world since 1950, Africa has seen 220, the most of any region, with 109 of them successful. Out of the 54 countries in Africa, 45 have faced at least one coup attempt since 1950, according to research by Powell and Thyne. When considering only those nations where a coup was successful, defined as seizing power for a minimum of seven days, this number declines to 37, which accounts for approximately two-thirds of the continent’s nations. Sudan has recorded the highest number of coup attempts, while Burkina Faso leads in successful coups. Notably, Africa’s most populous nation has a long history of coups following its independence in 1960, with eight coup attempts, six of which were successful (projectsvoanews.com/african-coups)

COUPS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA BY COUNTRY SINCE 1950

Countries with 3 or fewer coup attempts

  • Somalia: 3 attempts, 1 successful
  • Gabon: 3 attempts, 1 successful
  • Zambia: 3 attempts, 0 successful
  • The Gambia: 3 attempts, 1 successful
  • São Tomé: 3 attempts, 1 successful
  • Eq. Guinea: 2 attempts, 1 successful
  • Rwanda: 2 attempts, 2 successful

Countries with 3 or fewer coup attempts

  • Senegal: 1 attempt, 0 successful
  • Mozambique: 1 attempt, 0 successful
  • Angola: 1 attempt, 0 successful
  • Seychelles: 1 attempt, 1 successful
  • Kenya: 1 attempt, 0 successful
  • Eswatini: 1 attempt, 1 successful
  • Cameroon: 1 attempt, 0 successful
  • Djibouti: 1 attempt, 0 successful
  • Zimbabwe: 1 attempt, 1 successful

Countries with 4 to 6 coup attempts

  • Guinea: 6 attempts, 3 successful
  • Ethiopia: 5 attempts, 2 successful
  • CAR: 5 attempts, 3 successful
  • Uganda: 5 attempts, 3 successful
  • DRC: 4 attempts, 2 successful
  • Madagascar: 4 attempts, 1 successful
  • Liberia: 4 attempts, 1 successful
  • Lesotho: 4 attempts, 3 successful
  • Ivory Coast: 4 attempts, 1 successful

Countries with 7 to 9 coup attempts

  • Comoros: 9 attempts, 4 successful
  • Guinea-Bissau: 9 attempts, 4 successful
  • Benin: 8 attempts, 6 successful
  • Nigeria: 8 attempts, 6 successful
  • Mali: 8 attempts, 5 successful
  • Niger: 8 attempts, 5 successful
  • Togo: 7 attempts, 3 successful
  • Rep. of Congo: 7 attempts, 2 successful
  • Chad: 7 attempts, 2 successful
  • Mauritania: 7 attempts, 5 successful

Coups in the World

Africa Compared to the world

Of 492 attempted or successful coups carried out around the world since 1950, Africa has seen 220, the most of any region, with 109 of them successful, Powell and Thyne’s data show (see https://projectsvoanews.com/afrfican-coups/).

Countries with 10 or more coup attempts

  • Sudan: 18 attempts, 6 successful
  • Burundi: 11 attempts, 5 successful
  • Burkina Faso: 10 attempts, 9 successful
  • Ghana: 10 attempts, 5 successful
  • Sierra Leone: 10 attempts, 5 successful

HIGHEST CIVIL CONFLICTS IN DEVELOPING WORLD

Civil wars in this region arise from a multifaceted interplay of factors, particularly the intricate political dynamics at play, significant economic disparities that fuel discontent, and deep-rooted ethnic divisions that exacerbate tensions. These elements coalesce to create an environment ripe for conflict, driving communities into divisions that manifest as violence and contributing to the prolonged instability that characterizes the landscape of civil warfare in these areas. Here are some key points

Post-Colonial Conflicts

Many civil wars in Sub-Saharan Africa have roots in the post-colonial period. The collapse of colonial rule often left behind weak state structures and unresolved ethnic and political tensions. For example, the Nigerian Civil War (1967-1970) was largely driven by ethnic and regional divisions

Economic Factors

Economic instability and competition for resources have also played a significant role in fueling civil wars. Countries with valuable natural resources, such as diamonds in Sierra Leone, have experienced prolonged conflicts as different groups vie for control

Ethnic and Political Tensions

Ethnic divisions and political power struggles have been central to many conflicts. The Rwandan Civil War (1990-1994) and subsequent genocide were driven by deep-seated ethnic tensions between the Hutu and Tutsi populations

Proxy Wars and External Influence

During the Cold War, many African civil wars were influenced by external powers supporting different factions. For instance, the Angolan Civil War (1975-2002) saw significant involvement from both the United States and the Soviet Union

Recent Conflicts

In recent years, countries like South Sudan and the Central African Republic have experienced ongoing civil wars. These conflicts are often characterized by a mix of political, ethnic, and economic factors

List of Conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa

Below is a comprehensive overview of conflicts occurring in Sub-Saharan Africa and its nearby islands. This includes wars among African nations, civil wars, as well as struggles for independence, secessionist movements, and separatist disputes. Additionally, it covers significant instances of national unrest such as riots and massacres. For an extensive list of conflicts within Africa, please visit wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Africa.

African Great Lakes

Burundi

Rwanda

Kenya

South Sudan

Tanzania

Uganda

Central Africa

Cameroon

Central African Republic

Republic of Chad

Republic of Congo

Congo (Democratic Republic of)

Congo (Democratic Republic of)(Continued)

Equatorial Guinea/ Gabon

Equatorial Guinea

3–18 August 1979 1979 Equatorial Guinea coup d’état

7 March 2004 2004 Equatorial Guinea coup attempt

December 2017 2017 Equatorial Guinea coup attempt

Gabon

February 17 – 19, 1964 1964 Gabonese coup d’état

January 7, 2019 2019 Gabonese coup attempt

August 30, 2023 2023 Gabonese coup d’état

São Tomé and Príncipe

Horn of Africa

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

Federal Republic of Somalia

Federal Republic of Somalia

Djibouti/ State of Eritrea

Djibouti

State of Eritrea

Indian Ocean Islands

Comoros

Madagascar

Mauritius/ Seychelle

Mauritius
Seychelle

Southern Africa

South Africa
1948 – 1994 Internal resistance to apartheid

1950 Witzieshoek revolt

21 March 1960 Sharpeville Massacre

16 June 1976 Soweto Uprising

3 September 1984 Vaal uprising

1986 – 1987 Ciskei-Transkei conflict

30 December 1987 1987 Transkei coup d’état

4 March 1990 1990 Ciskei coup d’état

5 April 1990 1990 Venda coup d’état

9 August 1991 Battle of Ventersdorp

7 September 1992 Bisho massacre

25 July 1993 Saint James Church massacre

30 December 1993 Heidelberg Tavern massacre

1994 1994 Bophuthatswana crisis

28 March 1994 Shell House massacre

1966 – 1990 South African Border War

Angola/ Malawi

Angola
Malawi
Mozambique/ Namibia

Mozambique

July 28, 1914 – November 11, 1918 World War I

1964 – 1974 Mozambican War of Independence

1964 – 1979 Rhodesian Bush War

1977 – 1992 Mozambican Civil War

2013 – 2021 RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)

2017 – ongoing Insurgency in Cabo Delgado

 

Namibia

Lesoto

West Africa

Benin

Côte d'Ivoire

Ghana

Guinea

Gambia

Liberia

Guinea Bissau

23 January 1963 – 10 September 1974 Guinea-Bissau War of Independence

14 November 1980 1980 Guinea-Bissau coup d’état

1998 – 1999 Guinea-Bissau Civil War

7 June 1998 1998 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt

14 September 2003 2003 Guinea-Bissau coup d’état

26 December 2011 2011 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt

12 April 2012 2012 Guinea-Bissau coup d’état

1 February 2022 2022 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt

30 November 2023 – 1 December 2023 2023 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt

Senegal

Sierra Leone

Burkina Faso

Mauritania

Nigeria

Nigeria (Continued)

Mali

Niger/Togo

Niger

Togo

13 January 1963 1963 Togolese coup d’état

13 January 1967 1967 Togolese coup d’état

23 September 1986 1986 Togolese coup attempt

February 5 – 25, 2005 2005 Togolese coup d’état

Highest Refugee Population in Developing World

Compassionate Refugee Camps in the Developing World

Sub-Saharan Africa remains a region marked by the highest number of displaced individuals worldwide, carrying a significant burden of the global refugee population. The region confronts severe challenges that are deeply rooted in its economic realities, complex dynamics of displacement, and uneven capabilities for humanitarian response, presenting a stark contrast to the situations encountered in other developing regions.

Economic Indicators sixty years post independence: A Global Perspective

Lowest GDP per capita, constant prices (PPP: 2017 international dollar

Between 1980 and 1990, GDP per capita in Sub-Saharan Africa declined from 3769 dollars in 1980 to 3426 dollars in 1990, further dropping to 3289 dollars by 2000. However, per capita income in the region saw moderate growth from 1990 to 2020, reaching 4464 dollars in 2020, with projections suggesting an increase to 5114 dollars by 2029, representing a change of 650 dollars. In contrast, emerging and developing Asia started with a GDP per capita of merely 1541 dollars in 1980, significantly lower than Sub-Saharan Africa’s figure. Between 1980 and 1990, GDP per capita in Asia rose modestly from 1541 dollars to 2413 dollars, still below Sub-Saharan Africa’s 3426 dollars in 1990. Remarkably, Asia’s GDP per capita surged between 1990 and 2020, escalating from 2413 dollars to 12701 dollars, nearly four times that of Sub-Saharan Africa in 2020, with projections indicating a potential rise to 19074 dollars by 2029. While Asia lagged in the 1980s and 1990s, its per capita income in 2020 was almost four times greater than that of Sub-Saharan Africa and is expected to remain significantly higher by 2029. Ironically, Sub-Saharan African nations were anticipated to surpass their Asian counterparts due to their natural resource wealth; however, the opposite has occurred. Lesser-endowed Asian economies have outperformed Sub-Saharan Africa, elevating their citizens’ living standards, while many people in Sub-Saharan Africa continue to grapple with persistent poverty and underdevelopment. Why?

Lowest contribution to global Gross Domestic Product of the world total, 1980 to 2029

In 1980, Sub-Saharan Africa’s share of the world’s GDP was 2.59 percent. From 1980 to 2000, this contribution slightly declined to 2.54 percent, but between 2000 and 2020, it modestly increased to 3.21 percent, with a projection of 3.39 percent by 2029. In comparison, emerging and developing Asia had a GDP share of 8.48 percent in 1980, which rose to 15.56 percent by 2000 and further escalated to 32.37 percent, projected to reach 36.98 percent in 2029. This means that while Sub-Saharan Africa’s global GDP share changed from 2.59 percent in 1980 to 3.21 percent in 2020, an increase of only 0.18 percentage points, emerging and developing Asia saw a dramatic rise from 8.48 percent to 36.98 percent over the same period, reflecting a significant increase of 28.5 percentage points. This stark contrast highlights the substantial growth in wealth and improved living standards for Asian citizens, whereas the lack of economic progress in Sub-Saharan Africa has resulted in ongoing poverty and underdevelopment for several decades.

Lowest total trade and share in the world, 1970 to 2023

Between 1970 and 2023, the total value of merchandise exports from Sub-Saharan Africa to the world experienced a remarkable increase, escalating from approximately 10 billion US dollars in 1970 to 407 billion US dollars in 2023, resulting in a substantial absolute rise of 397 billion US dollars. Despite this impressive growth in export value, Sub-Saharan Africa’s share of total world exports saw a declining trend, dropping from 3.63 percent in 1970 to 1.87 percent in 1990, and further diminishing to just 1.71 percent by 2023. In stark contrast, during the same timeframe, developing Asia witnessed a significant surge in its share of global exports, which climbed from 8.51 percent in 1970 to 15.00 percent in 1990 and continued to soar to an astonishing 35.56 percent in 2023. The total export value from developing Asia skyrocketed during this period, jumping from 525 billion US dollars in 1970 to an extraordinary 8 trillion US dollars in 2023.

Lowest intra-trade in developing region, 1995-2023

Despite significant efforts and ongoing discussions aimed at fostering regional integration, Sub-Saharan Africa’s intra-trade levels remain alarmingly low, showing only a modest increase from 14.48 percent in 1995 to 18.99 percent in 2023. This minimal growth starkly contrasts with the impressive intra-trade performance in Asia, which experienced a remarkable surge from 52.81 percent in 1995 to 57.93 percent in 2023. When viewed in the broader context of developing economies, we observe an increase from 38.29 percent in 1995 to 54.58 percent in 2023. These significant disparities underscore an urgent need for strengthened unity and enhanced cooperation, as well as the implementation of innovative strategies to elevate trade within Sub-Saharan Africa. This is crucial for paving the way towards sustainable economic growth and development in the region, fostering an environment where local economies can thrive and become more resilient.

Sustained trade deficit than any other developing region in 43 years, 1980 to 2023

A trade surplus, a crucial element of a positive current account, occurs when exports surpass imports, often indicative of robust domestic industries capable of competing on an international scale. From 1980 to 2023, Sub-Saharan Africa recorded a trade surplus in merely six out of 43 years. The current account balance for Sub-Saharan Africa shifted from a deficit of 21 billion dollars in 1981 to a deficit of 39 billion dollars in 2023, resulting in an absolute decline of 18 billion dollars in trade balance. In stark contrast, Eastern Asia experienced a trade surplus in 41 out of the same 43 years, with its current account balance improving from a deficit of 20 billion dollars to a surplus of 593 billion dollars, representing an absolute change of 573 billion dollars. Asia and Oceania maintained a steady trade surplus for 42 years, with their current balance rising from 33 billion dollars in 1980 to 830 billion dollars in 2023, an absolute increase of 797 billion dollars in trade surplus. This underscores Sub-Saharan Africa’s persistent history of trade deficits, reliance on external borrowing, and ongoing challenges in fostering competitive domestic industries.

Lowest inward and share of foreign direct investment in the world, 1990 to 2023

Foreign Direct Investment plays a crucial role in the advancement of developing nations by fostering essential capital formation, facilitating the transfer of technology and skill enhancement, creating employment opportunities, encouraging economic diversification, showcasing resilience during financial downturns, enhancing infrastructure, providing access to international markets, and generating fiscal revenue. Between 1990 and 2023, the stock of FDI in Sub-Saharan Africa rose from 1.7 billion dollars to 39.2 billion dollars. In contrast, Eastern Asia’s inward FDI surged from 10.9 billion dollars in 1990 to 323 billion dollars, while South-eastern Asia saw an increase from 13 billion to 226 billion dollars during the same period. Sub-Saharan Africa recorded the lowest global share of inward FDI, increasing only from 0.83 percent in 1990 to 3 percent in 2023. Meanwhile, the global share for Eastern Asia escalated from 5.3 percent to 24.2 percent, and South-eastern Asia’s share grew from 6.3 percent to 16.8 percent, underscoring the significant shortfall of this vital resource for development in Sub-Saharan Africa and reflecting a lack of interest from foreign investors in the region.

Lowest global GDP share from 1980 to 2024

The total GDP at current prices of Sub-Saharan Africa escalated from 320.8 billion in 1980 to 1.8 trillion dollars in 2024, representing 2.6 percent and 3.2 percent of global GDP, respectively. Projections indicate that this region’s GDP will reach 2.5 trillion by 2029, which would account for 3.4 percent of global GDP. In stark contrast, the total GDP of the ASEAN-5 surged from 208.6 billion in 1980 to 3.4 trillion in 2024, reflecting 2.9 percent and 5.2 percent of total global GDP, respectively. It is anticipated that the GDP of ASEAN-5 will attain 4.9 trillion in 2029, signifying 5.5 percent of global GDP in that year. Furthermore, the share of global GDP for Emerging and Developing Asia expanded from 8.5 percent in 1980 to 34.3 percent in 2024, with expectations of reaching 39.9 percent by 2029. These statistics highlight the sluggish economic growth and persistent underperformance of Sub-Saharan African economies in comparison to their Asian counterparts over recent decades.

Lowest average percent change in GDP, lowest average investment as share of GDP, and lowest average national saving as percent of GDP

Between 1991 and 2023, Sub-Saharan Africa exhibited the lowest average percent change in GDP when compared to Asean-5 and Emerging and Developing Asia, recording rates of 3.8 percent, 5.0 percent, and 6.9 percent, respectively. Additionally, during this period, Sub-Saharan Africa also demonstrated the lowest total investment as a share of GDP compared to Asean-5 and Emerging and Developing Asia, standing at 20.2 percent, 29.5 percent, and 35.0 percent, respectively. The average gross national savings as a percentage of GDP for Sub-Saharan Africa was 17.5 percent, in stark contrast to 28.7 percent for Asean-5 and 38.5 percent for Emerging and Developing Asia, underscoring the persistent challenges that Sub-Saharan African economies face in relation to their counterparts in Asia.

Highest share of external debt as percent of GDP, from 1980 to 2024

Sub-Saharan Africa’s total external debt has risen dramatically from 60 billion dollars in 1980 to 828 billion dollars in 2024, with projections indicating it will reach 862 billion dollars in 2025. This corresponds to a precarious 18.8 percent of GDP in 1980, escalating to 47.6 percent of GDP in 2024, and slightly declining to 46.6 percent of GDP in 2025. In contrast, Emerging and developing Asia’s external debt as a percentage of GDP has increased from 13.1 percent in 1980 to 18.5 percent in 2024, with a slight forecasted decrease to 18.3 percent in 2025. Meanwhile, Latin America’s and the Caribbean’s external debt share rose from 23 percent in 1980 to 43 percent in 2024, expected to fall to 41.9 percent in 2025. These figures underscore the unsustainable level of external debt faced by Sub-Saharan Africa, posing serious challenges to the region’s prospects for rapid development amidst significant population growth.

GLOBAL EFFORTS TO DEVELOP SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA,1960 - 2025

Official Development Assistance and External Debt in Sub-Saharan Africa

Official Development Assistance is a vital form of governmental aid intended to promote economic growth and enhance the welfare of developing nations, primarily sourced from the governments of developed countries through various means such as grants, loans, and technical support. Established in the early 1960s, the Development Assistance Committee has been pivotal in orchestrating international aid initiatives, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, where attention has intensified due to a range of challenges including economic instability, health crises like HIV/AIDS, the need for poverty alleviation, food insecurity, and the emerging threats of climate change. The landscape of external debt in Sub-Saharan Africa has transformed significantly since the 1970s; initially, borrowing in the post-independence period focused on funding essential development projects. However, by the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s, numerous countries encountered serious economic troubles that triggered a cycle of escalating borrowing and ensuing debt crises. While Official Development Assistance and external debt hold the promise of driving progress in crucial areas such as health, education, infrastructure, and overall economic development, the effectiveness of international aid and external debt continues to be a disputed topic in Sub-Saharan Africa, largely due to the ongoing lack of substantial advancements over the decades.

Official Development Assistance from All Donors

Official Development Assistance ODA represents government aid aimed at fostering economic development and enhancing the welfare of developing nations. Within the context of Sub-Saharan Africa, ODA has served as a vital instrument in confronting pressing challenges such as poverty, health crises, and economic instability. Over the decades, the Development Assistance Committee DAC has been pivotal in delivering this support to Sub-Saharan Africa. Notably, DAC development assistance has experienced significant escalation, growing from roughly 989 million dollars in fiscal year 1970 to an estimated 39 billion dollars by fiscal year 2021. Nevertheless, this remarkable increase in development assistance has not eradicated the persistent issues of poverty, health crises, and economic instability that continue to afflict Sub-Saharan Africa.

Official Development Aid from the United States

Over the past several decades, the focus of official development assistance from the United States to Sub-Saharan Africa has embraced humanitarian aid, global health initiatives, economic development through private sector support, agricultural advancement for food security, national security partnerships against terrorism, and resilience building against the impacts of climate change. The United States is recognized as the leading donor of humanitarian assistance in Sub-Saharan Africa, demonstrating a deep commitment by providing substantial development aid over the years. For instance, U.S. development assistance to the region surged from 178 million in fiscal year 1970 to an estimated 13 billion in fiscal year 2021. However, despite these dedicated efforts, food insecurity and economic development continue to pose significant challenges for many nations in Sub-Saharan Africa, reminding us of the urgent need for a fundamental change.

Total Estimated ODA and Total External Debt

According to OECD data, from 1970 to 2021, total ODA disbursed to Sub-Saharan Africa is estimated at around 1 trillion dollars, or about 1.2 trillion when adjusted for inflation and currency changes. This amount includes bilateral and multilateral aid from all DAC member countries. The external debt situation has significantly evolved since the 1970s; many countries initially borrowed to finance development projects, but by the late 1970s and through the 1980s, economic challenges led to increased borrowing and debt crises. Total external debt rose from 60 billion in 1980 to 206 billion in 2000 and surged to 731 billion in 2020, with estimates of 828 billion in 2024 and 862 billion in 2025. Despite receiving a combined aid and debt of about 2 trillion dollars, Sub-Saharan Africa has seen limited progress in economic development, poverty reduction, health crises, economic stability, and food security, raising questions about the intent and effectiveness of international aid and external debt in the region.

OTHER GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES IN SUBSAHARAN AFRICA

UN Declaration on the Critical Economic Situation in Africa

The United Nations Declaration on the Critical Economic Situation in Africa, issued in 1984, recognized the serious economic challenges faced by many African nations in the early 1980s. It acknowledged the significant crisis, which included declining economic growth, worsening trade conditions, rising debt, widespread food insecurity, and pervasive poverty. The declaration identified both internal and external factors contributing to the crisis, including the lasting effects of colonialism, economic reliance on exporting primary goods, and vulnerabilities in African economies like dependence on foreign aid and lack of industrial diversity. It highlighted the severe humanitarian impacts, including hunger, malnutrition, and worsening living conditions, and emphasized the urgent need for immediate action to prevent further deterioration. It called on developed countries and international institutions to provide more support to African nations through debt relief, technical assistance, and investment in sustainable development, while advocating for fairer trade terms and better market access for African products. Additionally, it encouraged African countries to strengthen regional cooperation, diversify their economies, and implement necessary reforms to address governance issues, reinforcing the importance of unity in tackling the crisis. The declaration proposed the creation of a dedicated program to support economic recovery and development in Africa, backed by the United Nations and its agencies, aiming to establish resilient and self-sufficient economies. This initiative was part of broader efforts by the United Nations and other organizations in the 1980s to address Africa’s economic struggles and promote sustainable development, highlighting the interconnectedness of global economies and the need for cooperative solutions to existing inequalities.

United Nations Programme of Action for African Economic Recovery and Development

The United Nations Programme of Action for African Economic Recovery and Development from 1986 to 1990 was an important initiative launched by the UN General Assembly to help African countries overcome economic challenges and promote recovery and development. This program aimed to unite African nations, the international community, and development partners to collaboratively address pressing economic issues. Its main goals included fostering economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa, ensuring food security by increasing agricultural production, advocating for debt relief for countries burdened by unsustainable debt, enhancing trade opportunities for African exports, building the capacity of institutions to manage economic policies, and investing in key infrastructure to facilitate economic activities. The program emphasized the importance of African ownership of development strategies and encouraged collaboration through regional organizations like the African Union. Additionally, it called on developed nations and international organizations to provide significant financial aid, expertise, and debt relief, while also recognizing the role of institutions such as the World Bank and IMF. Focus areas included agriculture to decrease food dependency, industrial development to diversify economies, and improving access to essential social services like education, healthcare, and clean water. Despite establishing a five-year plan with clear objectives, the program faced challenges such as insufficient funding, conflicts with structural adjustment programs being implemented concurrently, and adverse global economic conditions that hindered progress. Following the UN-PAAERD, other initiatives like the United Nations New Agenda for the Development of Africa in the 1990s and the Millennium Development Goals continued to address Africa’s development issues, with the UN-PAAERD paving the way for a global understanding of Africa’s economic struggles as a shared concern that demands collective action.

UNited Nations New Agenda for Development in Africa

The United Nations New Agenda for the Development of Africa in the 1990s was created in 1991 to tackle Africa’s ongoing economic and development issues, building on earlier efforts like the UN Programme of Action for African Economic Recovery and Development. Its main goals included promoting sustained economic growth and self-reliant development to reduce poverty, empowering African countries to take charge of their development, increasing access to education and healthcare, diversifying economies to lessen dependency on primary commodity exports, and ensuring environmental sustainability by incorporating ecological concerns into development plans. Key features of the agenda involved strengthening partnerships among African governments, the UN, and international financial institutions, increasing financial support and advocating for debt relief, improving Africa’s trade position, and emphasizing the need for good governance and policy reforms. However, challenges such as limited international support, global economic instability, conflicts, and overlapping priorities with other programs hindered its implementation. Despite mixed results, the agenda had a lasting influence on future international development efforts, highlighting the importance of collaboration between African nations and the global community, promoting sustainability in development strategies, and laying the groundwork for initiatives like the Millennium Development Goals and the New Partnership for Africa’s Development, ultimately emphasizing that Africa’s development is a shared global concern requiring both local and international commitment.

Africa-Europe Summit Under the Aegis of the OAU and EU

The Cairo Plan of Action was adopted at the Africa-Europe Summit in Cairo, Egypt, in April 2000, marking an important milestone in enhancing relations between Africa and Europe. This plan aimed to create a strong and balanced partnership to tackle common challenges and promote sustainable development, peace, and prosperity in both regions. Key themes included establishing a strategic partnership for equitable cooperation, promoting peace and security by addressing conflicts, and enhancing economic cooperation to support sustainable development in Africa. It also focused on democracy and human rights, boosting regional integration, advancing education and technology cooperation, addressing environmental challenges, and tackling health issues. Implementation mechanisms involved joint monitoring by the OAU and EU, financial support from European nations, and improved trade access for African goods. However, challenges such as resource gaps, global economic changes, and conflicting interests occasionally hindered progress. The Cairo Plan laid a foundation for future initiatives like the Joint Africa-EU Strategy and continued Africa-EU summits, symbolizing a commitment to a cooperative partnership based on mutual respect and shared responsibility.

Why Sub-Saharan Africa Must Unite?

Sub-Saharan Africa stands at a crucial juncture where we must unite to eradicate the cycle of poverty, promote self-sufficiency, and ensure peace and security across our nations through determined collective action. Now is the time for solidarity as we confront historical and contemporary challenges, unlocking the immense potential of our region. Together, we can harness our abundant natural and human resources to forge a future filled with dignity, prosperity, and true independence. Let us seize this opportunity to pursue a common vision for Sub-Saharan Africa, fostering an enduring legacy of growth and resilience. Let us unite and realize our long-held collective aspiration for a United Sub-Saharan Africa. Here are some key reasons:

Overcoming Colonial Legacies

Artificial Boundaries:Inherited colonial borders continue to divide Sub-Saharan Africa into a multitude of small nation states, fostering entrenched ethnic and cultural divides that often spark conflicts and exacerbate poverty and underdevelopment. However, we possess the ability to instigate change by nurturing a resilient spirit of unity that transcends these divisions, illustrating that through our collective strength and collaboration, we can dismantle the barriers imposed by history and pave the way for a brighter, more harmonious, and sustainable future for the region.

Economic Fragmentation: Economic Fragmentation poses profound challenges as the persistence of numerous small nation-states in Sub-Saharan Africa significantly impedes their capacity to fully exploit the advantages associated with economies of scale. Many of these countries find themselves at a disadvantage in the global marketplace, struggling to compete due to their limited size and fragmented markets. Nevertheless, the prospect of a unified Sub-Saharan Africa presents an opportunity for the establishment of a cohesive and robust market that could enhance economic stability while fostering growth and innovation. By consolidating resources, skills, and infrastructure, a united continent could leverage its collective strengths and emerge as a formidable entity in international trade and development.

Economic Prosperity

Regional Trade: A unified Sub-Saharan Africa offers a tremendous opportunity to invigorate intra-African trade, which, despite considerable efforts towards economic integration, remains strikingly low in comparison to other global regions, underscoring the urgent need for collective action and collaboration to unlock this potential for growth and prosperity.

Industrialization: Unity is essential for pooling resources that drive industrial development, significantly reducing our reliance on raw material exports while simultaneously boosting the production of value-added goods, which is vital for sustainable economic growth.

Global Negotiation Power: A united front in global negotiations empowers us to secure stronger positions in international trade and politics, paving the way for equitable trade agreements and enhanced access to vital global markets.

Political Stability

Conflict Resolution: A federal system presents a unique opportunity to empower Sub-Saharan Africa with a robust army of Sub-Saharan Africa and other means of conflict resolution, effectively creating a powerful platform for mediation and negotiation that can significantly diminish or even eradicate both interstate and intrastate conflicts and disputes.

Shared Security: Shared security is not just important; it is vital as our collective commitment empowers us to confront and overcome the urgent transnational challenges of terrorism, organized crime, and resource exploitation that threaten the fabric of our global community.

Collective Self-Reliance

Reduce Dependency: Unity will reduce or eliminate our dependence on external aid and inspires us to embrace our potential for self-sufficiency by wholeheartedly supporting innovative local solutions and fostering sustainable development practices that enable communities to thrive independently as they address their unique challenges and seize promising opportunities for growth.

Resource management: A unified strategy for resource management is essential to safeguard against external exploitation while empowering Africa’s rich natural and human resources to uplift every African. Together, we can forge a sustainable future where local communities thrive and take ownership of their resources, fostering economic independence and resilience across the continent, and inspiring a movement of collective self-reliance that benefits all.

Addressing Common Challenges

Climate Challenge: Collective strategies are imperative for effectively confronting the extensive ramifications of climate change, which encompass not only the severe issues of desertification and flooding but also the escalating menace of food insecurity that jeopardizes communities across the globe.

Health Crises: A unified healthcare policy is crucial for effectively tackling health crises by improving our ability to manage pandemics ensuring fair access to essential medicines and strengthening public health systems. By encouraging collaboration among nations and healthcare providers we can build a resilient framework that responds swiftly to health threats while emphasizing preventive measures and health education for healthier populations and robust healthcare infrastructures.

Education and Innovation: Collaboration in education and innovation is crucial for shaping a brighter future for Africa’s youth, who are the continent’s emerging leaders and innovators. By building strong partnerships among educational institutions, research organizations, and industry stakeholders, we can create a dynamic environment that enhances learning and equips young minds with essential skills to tackle global challenges. This collective effort will empower them to contribute effectively to their communities and foster sustainable development across Africa, unlocking the full potential of the continent’s youth.

Demographic Dividend

Youth empowerment:Youth empowermentis crucial for Sub-Saharan Africa, which boasts the youngest population globally. This unique demographic presents an incredible opportunity to foster unity, driving significant advancements in education, enhancing employment opportunities, and sparking innovative solutions tailored to the needs of this vibrant youth segment. By recognizing and tapping into this vast potential, we can leverage the region’s demographic advantages, paving the way for a brighter and more sustainable future for everyone.

Fostering Unity: Youth engagement is vital for unity and sustainable development in Sub-Saharan Africa, offering innovative solutions to persistent challenges. By leveraging their creativity, young people can lead initiatives that enhance environmental stewardship, drive economic empowerment, and build social cohesion, creating significant community change. Their advocacy for policies that resonate with their vision bridges generational gaps and fosters collaboration between leaders and citizens. This active involvement in decision-making lays the groundwork for a future where sustainable practices are the standard, ensuring responsible resource management in Africa for generations to come. Investing in youth engagement cultivates resilience and shared prosperity, inspiring all Africans to contribute to a lasting legacy of unity and development.

Pan-African Identity and Pride

Shared Heritage: Unity empowers Africans to boldly reclaim their narrative and shape their destiny on the global stage, showcasing the extraordinary resilience, limitless creativity, and immense potential that define the continent. This collective strength cultivates a vibrant representation of African identity, allowing diverse voices to resonate and be celebrated, while fundamentally transforming the global perception of Africa. By embracing unity, Africans ignite inspiration in a new generation and champion a vision of progress that honors their rich heritage and aspirations, paving the way for a brighter future.

Reclaiming Narrative: Unity empowers Africans to take charge of their destiny and reshape their narrative on the global stage, celebrating the remarkable resilience, vibrant creativity, and vast potential that flourish within the continent. This united strength enhances appreciation for Africa’s invaluable contributions to global culture and underscores its pivotal role in development. By fostering this sense of unity, we craft a more inclusive narrative that honors the richness of African experiences while inspiring pride and collaboration among its people.

Building a Global Leader

Global Influence: Unity holds the transformative power to elevate Sub-Saharan Africa to a vital position in global politics and economics, empowering the region to assert its influence and play an active role in shaping the international landscape that affects its future and that of the world at large. By nurturing collaboration and solidarity among its nations, this unity can forge a compelling voice essential for championing the interests and aspirations of Sub-Saharan Africa on the global stage, inspiring a collective momentum towards sustainable progress and prosperity.

African Renaissance: African Renaissance embodies an inspiring movement where the nations of Sub-Saharan Africa unite in solidarity to become the catalyst for significant global progress, remarkable innovation, and steadfast justice. Through the power of collaboration and shared purpose, this dynamic region is poised to redefine the narrative, ignite transformative change, and pave the way for a fairer and more just world for everyone.

Voices for Unity

An address entitled ” the future of Africa” by DuBois who was at that time approaching 91 years of age and unwell, was given on his behalf by his wife. Among other things he said,

 “If Africa unites, it will be because each part, each nation, each tribe gives up a part of the heritage for the good of the whole. That is what union means; that is what Pan Africa-means: When the child is born into the tribe the price of his growing up is giving a part of his freedom to the tribe. This he soon learns or dies. When the tribe becomes a union of tribes, the individual tribe surrenders some part of its freedom to the paramount tribe.”

DuBois

“We are not interested in the preservation of any of the structures of the colonial state. It is our opinion that it is necessary to destroy, to break, to reduce to ash all aspects of the colonial state in our countries to make everything possible for our people. The problem of the nature of the state created after independence is perhaps the secret of the failure of African independence.”

Amical Cabral, 1965
“Without necessarily scarifying our sovereignty, we can forge a political union based on defense, foreign affairs and diplomacy, a common citizenship, a monetary zone, and a central bank. We must Unite in order to achieve a complete independence.”
Kwame Nkrumah, 1963
“I strongly believe that Pan-Africanism is even more relevant today than it was in the 1960s. Then it was necessarily visionary but it was this very idealism that served to limit Pan-Africanism to a dream, limiting its scope and to a large extent derailing it. When the hard reality of development set in, the ideals of Pan-Africanism were quietly forgotten and were put on the shelf to gather dust. Yet Africa’s place as an equal partner at the global table can only be assured if it thinks and acts regionally.”
Lalla Ben Barka
Deputy Executive Secretary of the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA)
“All of us may not live to see the higher accomplishment of an African Empire-so strong and powerful, as to compel the respect of mankind, but we in our life-time can so work and act as to make the dream a possibility within another generation.”
Marcus Garvey (1887-1940)

Unity Statistics

Over 70% of Sub-Saharan citizens believe that regional unity will enhance economic stability and growth.

Economic Growth Potential

AS united Sub-Saharan Africa can enhance the continent’s position in the global economy by fostering regional trade agreements, attracting foreign investment, pooling resources for infrastructure development, and strengthening collective bargaining power in international negotiations.

  1. Combined Market Size
  • Population: Sub-Saharan Africa is home to over 1.2 billion people, with a rapidly growing and youthful population. A united entity would create a vast consumer base, encouraging investment and boosting demand.
  • GDP: Combined, the region’s economies have a GDP of over $1.7 trillion (2022 estimates). Unification could enhance economic efficiency, potentially increasing this significantly through better resource allocation and economies of scale.
  1. Intra-African Trade Expansion
  • Current State: Intra-African trade accounts for only about 17% of total African trade, far below regions like the EU (~67%). A united Sub-Saharan Africa could remove barriers such as tariffs, inefficient border systems, and fragmented infrastructure.
  • Potential Growth: Streamlined trade policies could unlock billions in untapped economic activity. For instance, the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) already aims to boost intra-African trade by 52% by 2030.
  1. Resource Management and Industrialization
  • Natural Resources: Sub-Saharan Africa is rich in minerals, oil, and gas. Unified management could eliminate exploitation, reduce corruption, and maximize benefits through shared wealth distribution.
  • Industrial Growth: A united strategy could prioritize processing raw materials domestically, moving the region up the global value chain and creating jobs.
  1. Infrastructure Development
  • Challenges: Currently, infrastructure gaps (e.g., roads, railways, power) hinder economic growth.
  • Unified Effort: A continental approach to infrastructure funding and development, supported by institutions like the African Development Bank, could connect markets, reduce costs, and stimulate growth.
  1. Labor Mobility
  • A united entity could facilitate free movement of people, reducing unemployment by matching labor supply with demand across regions. This would also encourage skills transfer and innovation.
  1. Attracting Foreign Investment
  • Unified Policies: A single investment code, stable currency policies, and unified institutions could reduce risks for foreign investors.
  • Enhanced Bargaining Power: A larger, unified bloc would have greater leverage in negotiations with global trade partners.
  1. Cost Reduction Through Standardization
  • Harmonizing regulations, currencies, and legal frameworks could lower the cost of doing business. For instance, a single currency or unified central banking system could reduce transaction costs and enhance monetary stability.

Unseen

Unity seeks to uplift and amplify the voices of those who have long been marginalized in Sub-Saharan Africa, ensuring their stories and experiences are heard and valued.

Social Cohesion Benefits

The unification of Sub-Saharan Africa could bring profound social cohesion benefits, fostering a stronger sense of collective identity and addressing long-standing social challenges.

By fostering social cohesion, a united Sub-Saharan Africa could transform its diverse populations into a harmonious and empowered collective. This unity would not only improve internal stability but also enable the region to thrive culturally, socially, and economically on the global stage.Below are the key benefits of increased social cohesion:

  1. Strengthened Pan-African Identity
  • Shared Identity: Unification would reinforce a sense of belonging to a larger African family, transcending national, ethnic, and linguistic divisions.
  • Cultural Renaissance: Collaboration could amplify African art, music, literature, and traditions, fostering pride in a shared heritage.
  • Reduced Xenophobia: By breaking down borders, unification could mitigate xenophobic attitudes and promote mutual respect across ethnic and national lines.
  1. Peace and Conflict Resolution
  • Reduced Inter-State Tensions: A unified government or federation could replace competing national interests with collective decision-making, reducing the likelihood of conflict.
  • Conflict Mediation: Unified institutions could more effectively mediate internal and cross-border conflicts, providing resources and legitimacy to peacebuilding efforts.
  • Demilitarization: With reduced internal rivalries, resources currently spent on defense could be redirected toward development and social programs.
  1. Greater Equality and Inclusion
  • Equitable Resource Distribution: Centralized management of natural and economic resources could address disparities between regions, ensuring marginalized areas are not left behind.
  • Social Programs: A unified budget could fund continent-wide education, healthcare, and poverty alleviation initiatives, reducing inequality and fostering a sense of unity.
  • Empowering Minorities: A larger political framework could give minority groups a voice and reduce the dominance of ethnic majorities in smaller states.
  1. Enhanced Mobility and Integration
  • Free Movement: Eliminating borders would allow people to travel, work, and live anywhere in the union, fostering inter-ethnic understanding and reducing regional inequalities.
  • Cultural Exchange: Increased mobility would encourage intermarriage, cultural blending, and the sharing of traditions, strengthening interpersonal bonds.
  1. Education and Language Exchange
  • Standardized Education: Unified education systems could promote shared curricula that emphasize African history, values, and goals, fostering a common identity.
  • Linguistic Bridges: Promoting regional and pan-African languages (e.g., Swahili) alongside local ones could ease communication and build unity across diverse linguistic groups.
  1. Collective Problem-Solving
  • Public Health: Shared health initiatives could tackle continent-wide issues like HIV/AIDS, malaria, and pandemics more effectively, fostering solidarity through collective action.
  • Climate Resilience: Addressing environmental challenges together would build a sense of shared responsibility and interdependence.
  1. Empowering Youth and Women
  • Youth Engagement: With 60% of Sub-Saharan Africa’s population under 25, a unified approach could empower young people through education, employment, and leadership opportunities, making them advocates for unity.
  • Women’s Inclusion: A united framework could enforce gender equality laws, enhancing social cohesion by uplifting a historically marginalized group.
  1. Building Trust in Institutions
  • Unified Institutions: Transparent and inclusive governance at the federal level could strengthen trust in institutions, reducing corruption and fostering civic engagement.
  • Shared Values: A united framework could emphasize values like democracy, human rights, and development, creating a shared vision for the future.
  1. Solidarity in Global Arenas
  • Representation: A unified Sub-Saharan Africa would have a stronger voice in international forums, promoting collective interests and fostering a sense of pride among its people.
  • Shared Victories: Successes in areas like sports, science, and diplomacy would be celebrated collectively, further reinforcing unity.
  1. Psychological Benefits
  • Reduced Division: Breaking down the “us vs. them” mentality that often exists between neighboring countries could ease tensions and foster a sense of brotherhood.
  • Hope and Optimism: A united vision could inspire hope, particularly among youth, about Africa’s potential to overcome historical challenges and thrive together.

Improved Infrastructure Access

A united Sub-Saharan Africa would significantly enhance infrastructure access, driven by coordinated planning, resource pooling, and economies of scale. The potential improvements in infrastructure access would touch multiple sectors, benefiting economic growth, social development, and regional connectivity. Below are the key areas of potential improvement:

  1. Integrated Transportation Networks
  • Pan-African Rail and Road Systems:
    • Unified planning could create transcontinental highways and railways connecting major cities and regions, reducing transport costs and travel times.
    • Projects like the Trans-African Highway Network could be accelerated and expanded.
  • Air Transport Hubs:
    • A united strategy could develop regional and continental aviation hubs, boosting connectivity and reducing reliance on external carriers.
  • Maritime Connectivity:
    • Harmonized port systems could optimize trade flows, with investments in deep-water ports and better intermodal connectivity for landlocked countries.
  1. Expanded Energy Access
  • Continental Power Grid:
    • Integration of national power grids could create a Pan-African energy network, allowing surplus energy from one region to be distributed to others.
    • Renewable energy projects, such as solar farms in the Sahara or hydroelectric plants in Central Africa, could serve the entire continent.
  • Reduced Costs:
    • Economies of scale in energy production and transmission could lower electricity prices, making energy more affordable and accessible.
  • Universal Access Goals:
    • Unified policies could prioritize electrification for rural and underserved areas, closing the access gap for millions.
  1. Digital Connectivity
  • Broadband Internet:
    • A unified Sub-Saharan Africa could prioritize continent-wide fiber-optic networks, ensuring affordable, high-speed internet access.
    • Cross-border collaboration could expand existing projects like the Eastern Africa Submarine Cable System (EASSy) or the Africa Coast to Europe (ACE) cable.
  • Digital Inclusion:
    • Streamlined policies could promote affordable devices, reduced data costs, and digital literacy programs, boosting access across urban and rural areas.
  • Technology Hubs:
    • Investment in regional tech hubs could drive innovation and job creation, positioning Africa as a global player in technology.
  1. Water and Sanitation Infrastructure
  • Transboundary Water Management:
    • Unified governance of shared water resources (e.g., the Nile, Congo, and Niger rivers) could optimize usage and reduce conflicts.
  • Universal Access:
    • Continental strategies could focus on extending clean water and sanitation systems to underserved areas, leveraging economies of scale in infrastructure development.
  1. Healthcare Infrastructure
  • Hospitals and Clinics:
    • A united approach could prioritize building hospitals and clinics in remote regions, ensuring equitable access to healthcare.
  • Disease Surveillance Systems:
    • Improved coordination could create a continent-wide health monitoring network, enhancing responses to pandemics and diseases.
  • Pharmaceutical Manufacturing:
    • Shared investments could enable local production of essential medicines, reducing reliance on imports and improving affordability.
  1. Agricultural Infrastructure
  • Irrigation Systems:
    • Coordinated projects could expand irrigation, increasing agricultural productivity and food security.
  • Storage and Distribution:
    • A unified supply chain system could minimize post-harvest losses through improved storage facilities and transportation networks.
  • Rural Road Development:
    • Expanding access to rural areas would enable farmers to bring goods to market more efficiently.
  1. Regional Economic Hubs
  • Special Economic Zones (SEZs):
    • Unified planning could establish SEZs near transport corridors, fostering industrialization and creating jobs.
  • Urban Development:
    • Strategic investments could enhance urban infrastructure, addressing challenges like housing, waste management, and public transportation.
  1. Financing and Resource Mobilization
  • Pooling Resources:
    • A unified Sub-Saharan Africa could pool financial and natural resources to fund large-scale projects, reducing dependency on foreign aid.
  • Continental Development Bank:
    • A dedicated institution could fund infrastructure projects, offering low-interest loans and fostering public-private partnerships.
  • Attracting Investment:
    • Unified policies and reduced fragmentation would make Sub-Saharan Africa more attractive to global investors.
  1. Reduced Costs and Improved Efficiency
  • Harmonized Standards:
    • Common construction standards, procurement processes, and regulatory frameworks would lower costs and improve infrastructure quality.
  • Shared Maintenance:
    • Coordinated maintenance schedules and cost-sharing would extend the lifespan of infrastructure assets.
  1. Improved Rural Access
  • Bridging the Urban-Rural Divide:
    • Investments could target connecting rural areas to national and regional infrastructure, improving access to markets, education, and healthcare.

Join the Movement for Unity

At WeUniteSSA, we firmly believe that the path to a thriving Sub-Saharan Africa lies in our deeply held vision of a United Sub-Saharan Africa. This dream of unity among our nations and peoples has resonated through the ages, kindling hope well before our independence. Influential leaders urged us to come together in our struggle against colonial oppression, proving that our collective strength paved the way to freedom. However, since achieving independence in the 1960s, this vision of unity has largely remained unfulfilled—a mere aspiration echoing in conference halls without tangible results. This stagnation has left us trapped in cycles of poverty, underdevelopment, conflict, corruption, governance crises, and the ongoing suffering of the vulnerable, while we continue to depend on external aid for solutions to our challenges. The time for decisive action is now. We, the people, resolutely call for this unity through a region-wide referendum.

A successful Sub-Saharan African Referendum will spark a vital awakening among Sub-Saharan Africans, illuminating the joy, freedom, and power that lie within their reach; it will pave the way to a future abundant with promise and opportunity, illustrating that genuine independence and sustainable development are firmly within their grasp. By joining the movement for unity, you are making a meaningful investment in a future where Sub-Saharan Africa stands tall, united, and self-determined. Embrace this transformative moment and empower a generation to confidently shape the future of Sub-Saharan Africa. Join us in shaping history and driving fundamental change for Sub-Saharan Africa.

Take Action for Unity

WeUniteSSA is excited to unveil WeUnite Action for Sub-Saharan Africa, a groundbreaking initiative that embodies the shared dreams of our people while pursuing a commendable mission. By collaborating with regional governments, we champion the vital need for referendums and set forth clear guidelines for their execution. We are rallying nearly 200 passionate Sentinel activists and 500 grassroots advocates in every nation across Sub-Saharan Africa, empowering them to enlighten citizens about the referendum process, their inherent rights, and the essential advantages of unity. Through WeUnite Action for Sub-Saharan Africa, we are devoted to elevating the voices of every individual in the region, ensuring that leaders resonate with the hopes and obstacles faced by the communities they represent. Our mission transcends merely changing the dialogue; we strive to transform the very core of Sub-Saharan Africa. With relentless enthusiasm, we forge connections between citizens and their leaders, shining a light on their aspirations and addressing their challenges. In the wise words of Benjamin Franklin, a well-informed nation cannot be enslaved, and as James Adams asserted, no people will relinquish their liberties easily when knowledge flourishes and virtue is upheld.

But we can’t do this alone. We need your support to mobilize communities, youth, spread awareness, and ensure that every Sub-Saharan African has the opportunity to participate in this democratic process.

"Support the Vision of a Unified Sub-Saharan Africa: Empower the People, Shape the Future"

The time has come for Sub-Saharan Africa to stand together as one. We are on the brink of a historic moment—a referendum that will determine the future of our region. Together, we can build a united, prosperous, and independent Sub-Saharan Africa where the voices of every citizen matter.

For far too long, our communities have been divided by borders, history, and conflict. But now, with your support, we can pave the way for a new era of cooperation and solidarity. This referendum will give power back to the people and create the foundation for lasting peace, economic development, and social progress across our region.

Your generous donation is crucial in making this referendum a reality. Every dollar you contribute helps fund essential outreach, education, and logistics to ensure every citizen has a voice in this life-changing decision.

Together, we can lay the groundwork for a future where the people of Sub-Saharan Africa unite, and thrive stronger in the coming decades.  Join us in supporting this transformative movement.

Make your contribution today. Be part of history.

Support Unity Referendum