Looking back at the 1960s from the vantage point of sixty years of independence reveals the complex challenges that have shaped post-independence sub-Saharan African society and altered the continent’s image and its global relationships. Despite the richness of human and natural resources and the influx of external development aid, sub-Saharan Africa has remained constrained by entrenched norms and institutions that hinder progress. This reality calls for a reevaluation of governance structures that have failed to adapt to the evolving landscape of global prosperity over the decades. This section illuminates the functioning of African institutions, highlighting the persistent absence of genuine political will to advance Africa’s own development initiatives and frameworks designed to tackle the enduring challenges faced since the 1960s. Consequently, the narrative of African institutions is marked by a recurring cycle of previous initiatives and new ideas seeking to address the continent’s ongoing underdevelopment, echoing the struggles that have persisted since independence.
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