Rep. Congo

Country Flag Details

three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold, and red; the flag combines the blue and red French (former colonial) colors with the red and yellow (gold) of the Pan-African colors; blue symbolizes the sky, hope, and the south of the country, which is relatively well-watered; gold represents the sun, as well as the desert in the north of the country; red stands for progress, unity, and sacrifice

note: almost identical to the flag of Romania but with a darker shade of blue; also similar to the flags of Andorra and Moldova, both of which have a national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; design based on the flag of France.

Background

Chad, part of France’s African holdings until 1960, endured six decades of internal conflicts with armed rebel groups, including a period of civil war in 1979-1982 and a Libyan invasion in the 1980s. The government eventually drafted a democratic constitution but has held flawed presidential elections since 1996. The country has struggled with poverty, a weak economy, and terrorist insurgencies.

Geography

Area

total : 1.284 million sq km
land: 1,259,200 sq km
water: 24,800 sq km

Climate

tropical in south, desert in north

Natural resources

petroleum, uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad), gold, limestone, sand and gravel, salt

People and Society

Population

total: 19,093,595

Ethnic groups

Sara (Ngambaye/Sara/Madjingaye/Mbaye) 30.5%, Kanembu/Bornu/Buduma 9.8%, Arab 9.7%, Wadai/Maba/Masalit/Mimi 7%, Gorane 5.8%, Masa/Musseye/Musgum 4.9%, Bulala/Medogo/Kuka 3.7%, Marba/Lele/Mesme 3.5%, Mundang 2.7%, Bidiyo/Migaama/Kenga/Dangleat 2.5%, Dadjo/Kibet/Muro 2.4%, Tupuri/Kera 2%, Gabri/Kabalaye/Nanchere/Somrai 2%, Fulani/Fulbe/Bodore 1.8%, Karo/Zime/Peve 1.3%, Baguirmi/Barma 1.2%, Zaghawa/Bideyat/Kobe 1.1%, Tama/Assongori/Mararit 1.1%, Mesmedje/Massalat/Kadjakse 0.8%, other  4.6%, unspecified 1.7% (2014-15 est.)

Languages

French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), more than 120 languages and dialects

Religions

Muslim 52.1%, Protestant 23.9%, Roman Catholic 20%, animist 0.3%, other Christian 0.2%, none 2.8%, unspecified 0.7% (2014-15 est.)

Population growth rate

3.01% (2024 est.)

Government
Government type

presidential republic

Capital name: N’Djamena

Executive branch

chief of state: President Mahamat Idriss DÉBY (since 6 May 2024)
head of government: Prime Minister Allamaye HALINA (since 23 May 2024)

Economy

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

$32.446 billion (2023 est.)
$31.161 billion (2022 est.)
$30.311 billion (2021 est.)

Real GDP per capita

$1,700 (2023 est.)
$1,700 (2022 est.)
$1,700 (2021 est.)

Exports

$6.503 billion (2022 est.)
$4.565 billion (2021 est.)
$2.863 billion (2020 est.)

Exports – partners

UAE 26%, China 19%, Germany 17%, Netherlands 13%, France 10% (2023)

Exports – commodities

crude petroleum, gold, oil seeds, gum resins, cotton (2023)

Imports

$5.028 billion (2022 est.)
$5.211 billion (2021 est.)
$4.502 billion (2020 est.)

Imports – partners

China 28%, UAE 23%, Turkey 10%, France 9%, India 5% (2023)

Imports – commodities

jewelry, broadcasting equipment, packaged medicine, cars, refined petroleum (2023)

Export structure by product group in 2023 (% of total exports) (UNCTAD)

The export structure of a nation serves as a mirror reflecting the diversity, composition, and economic significance of its internationally traded goods and services, thus offering vital insights into the overall economic health, competitive position, and developmental trajectory of the country. In the context of the Republic of the Congo, the export composition is primarily dominated by crude petroleum, which constitutes a substantial portion of its trade; however, there is a notable shift with increasing contributions from sectors such as refined copper, gold, timber products, and liquefied natural gas. Recognizing the importance of economic diversification, the government and various stakeholders are implementing strategic initiatives aimed at broadening the export portfolio, which is essential for cultivating a more resilient, sustainable economic future that can withstand global market fluctuations.

Poverty and vulnerable employment in Congo (World bank)

In 2023, a staggering 75 percent of total employment in Chad was categorized as vulnerable employment, which refers to work characterized by insufficient job security, low wages, and a lack of essential social protections like health insurance, pensions, or labor rights. This troubling category primarily encompasses own-account workers—those who are self-employed without any employees, such as street vendors and small-scale farmers—as well as contributing family workers, who assist in family-run businesses or farms without receiving formal remuneration. These positions are often informal and deeply unstable, typically devoid of any benefits, which leaves workers particularly vulnerable to economic shocks, exploitation, and persistent poverty. The implications of such precarious employment extend well beyond individual workers; they ripple through families and entire communities, perpetuating cycles of instability and hardship that are exceedingly difficult to break free from, thereby deepening the challenges faced by countless people in Chad and hindering overall economic progress.

Poverty and vulnerable employment in Congo Rep (World Bank)

In 2011, nearly 2 million people in Congo (latest available data) lived in poverty at $2.15 per day. The poverty level at $2.15 per day (measured in 2017 purchasing power parity, or PPP) is a key global benchmark used by the World Bank to define extreme poverty in low-income countries. It indicates:
1. Basic Survival Threshold
• People living below $2.15 per day struggle to afford essential needs such as food, clean water, shelter, healthcare, and education.
2. Economic Underdevelopment
• A high percentage of a country’s population living below this threshold suggests low economic productivity, high unemployment, and weak social safety nets.
3. Inequality and Social Vulnerability
• It reflects deep income inequality and a lack of access to opportunities for upward mobility.
• People in this category are more vulnerable to shocks like food price increases, climate disasters, or health crises.
4. Policy Challenges
• Governments need targeted interventions such as social welfare programs, job creation, and improved access to education and healthcare to reduce poverty.

A country's export structure is a reflection of its level of development and productive capacities

The export structure of a country refers to the composition, diversity, and value of the goods and services it sells to other countries. It provides key insights into the country’s economic health, competitiveness, and level of development. Productive capacities of a country refer to its ability to produce goods and services efficiently and sustainably over time. These capacities are shaped by various factors, including human capital, natural resources, infrastructure, private sector, development, technology & innovation,  institutions & governance, financial systems trade & market access.

Here’s  what the export structure and productive capacities of a country  typically indicate:

  1. Level of Economic Development
  • Developed economies usually export high-value manufactured goods, technology, and services.
  • Developing economies often rely on raw materials, agricultural products, or low-value manufactured goods.
  1. Industrial and Sectoral Strengths
  • A strong presence of high-tech or industrial goods (e.g., machinery, electronics) suggests a well-developed manufacturing sector.
  • A dominance of commodities (e.g., oil, minerals, agricultural products) indicates reliance on natural resources.
  1. Export Diversification
  • A diverse export base (multiple industries) makes a country’s economy more stable and resilient to global price shocks.
  • A concentrated export base (few key products) makes it vulnerable to market fluctuations.
  1. Trade Partnerships and Dependence
  • If exports are heavily dependent on a single country or region, the economy is more exposed to geopolitical and trade risks.
  • A wide range of trading partners indicates stronger global integration.
  1. Competitiveness and Value Addition
  • Exporting mainly raw materials (e.g., crude oil instead of refined petroleum) suggests limited industrial processing capacity.
  • A high share of finished and high-tech goods suggests strong value addition and competitiveness.

Congo Rep-Sanitation

Congo Rep- Proportion of population served with at least basic sanitation

In 2022, the proportion of the population served with at least basic sanitation in Congo was 20.6%. The proportion of the population served with at least basic sanitation in Congo increased from 11.9 % in 2000 to 20.6% in 2022, an absolute change of 8.7 percentage points (pp) between 2000 and 2022.

Congo Rep  – Proportion of urban population served with at least basic sanitation facilities

In 2022, the proportion of the urban population served with at least basic sanitation in Congo was 27.2 %. The proportion of urban population served with at least basic sanitation in Congo declined from 16.3% in 2000 to 27.2% in 2022, an absolute change of 10.9 pp between 2000 and 2022.

Congo Rep – Proportion of rural population served with at least basic sanitation facilities

In 2022, the proportion of the rural population served with at least basic sanitation in Congo was 6.3%. The proportion of the rural population served with at least basic sanitation in Congo increased from 5.8 % in 2000 to 6.3% in 2022, an absolute change of 0.5 pp between 2000 and 2022.

Congo Rep. – Proportion of Population Served with Basic Sanitation: A Global Perspective

As of 2022, a mere 20.6% of the population in Congo Rep. had access to basic sanitation, reflecting a modest rise from 11.9% in 2000. In sharp contrast, nations like China, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand enjoy significantly higher access rates of 95.9%, 88.2%, 95.1%, and 99.0% respectively. Access to safe sanitation is not merely a necessity; it is a fundamental human right that is essential for health and dignity. These figures highlight the urgent need for collaborative efforts to create sustainable sanitation solutions throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. Together, we can foster healthier and more resilient communities. (Refer to the chart below for a visual comparison.)

Congo Rep.- Share of the rural population at least basic sanitation services: A Global Perspective

Unsafe sanitation is more than just a statistic; it is a silent crisis that claims countless lives each year, underscoring the urgent need for safe sanitation as a fundamental human right. In 2022, only 6.3% of the rural population in Congo, Rep. had access to at least basic sanitation services. While this reflects a slight increase from 5.8% in 2000, it also highlights a troubling trend that demands our immediate attention and action. In stark contrast, countries like Thailand, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka have made significant strides, with 98.4%, 83.6%, and 94.9% of their rural populations enjoying access to sanitation facilities, respectively, in 2022. By fostering collaboration among governments, NGOs, and local communities, we can develop sustainable solutions that uplift individuals and improve overall quality of life.Together, we can advocate for policies that recognize sanitation as a fundamental right, working towards a future where every person has access to safe and dignified sanitation facilities across Sub-Saharan Africa. (Refer to the chart below for a visual comparison).

 

Congo Rep-Water Supply

Congo Rep – Proportion of population served with at least basic drinking water

In 2022, the proportion of the population served with at least basic sanitation for Congo was 73.8%. The proportion of the population served with at least basic drinking water in Congo increased from 57.2 % in 2000 to 73.8 % in 2022, an absolute change of 16.6 pp between 2000 and 2022.

Congo Rep- Proportion of urban population served with at least basic drinking water

In 2022, the proportion of the urban population served with at least basic sanitation in Congo was 87.1%. The proportion of urban population served with at least basic drinking water in Congo increased from 84.7 % in 2000 to 87.1% in 2022, an absolute change of  2.4 pp between 2000 and 2022.

Congo Rep- Proportion of rural population served with at least basic drinking water

In 2022, the proportion of the rural population served with at least basic sanitation in Congo was 45.7%. The Proportion of the rural population served with at least basic drinking water in Congo increased from 18 % in 2000 to 45.7 % in 2022  an absolute change of 27.7 pp between 2000 and 2022.

Congo, Rep. – Proportion of total population served with at least basic water: A Global Perspective

As of 2022, a concerning 73.9% of the population in Congo, Rep. had access to basic water services, a modest increase from 57.2% in 2000. This significant gap compared to nations like South Korea and Thailand, where every individual enjoys 100% access, highlights the urgent challenges we face in health and education. It is vital that we come together to confront these disparities and champion sustainable solutions that ensure clean water is a right for everyone. Access to this essential resource not only uplifts communities but also empowers women and children, paving the way for education and economic opportunities. Together, let us strive for water security for all, as we envision a future where no one is left behind (Refer to the chart below for a visual comparison).

Congo, Rep-Proportion of rural population with at least basic water: A Global Perspective

In 2022, only 45.7% of the rural population in Congo, Rep. had access to at least basic water services. This represents a troubling increase from 18.0% in the year 2000. In stark contrast, rural populations in countries like Bangladesh, Thailand, and Vietnam boasted access rates of 98.3%, 100%, and 97.2%, respectively, in 2022. Access to safe drinking water is not just a basic necessity; it is a fundamental human right that must be guaranteed for everyone. Together, we can work towards a future where every rural resident enjoys reliable access to safe drinking water. It is our shared responsibility to support initiatives that not only tackle current challenges but also pave the way for a more sustainable and equitable water future for all. (Refer to the chart below for a visual comparison)..

Congo Rep-Electricity

Congo Rep – Access to electricity (% of population)

In 2022, the proportion of the population served with at least basic sanitation in Congo was 50.6 %. The proportion of the population served with access to electricity in Congo increased from 29.4 % in 2000 to 50.6% in 2022, an absolute change of 21.2 pp between 2000 and 2022.

Congo Rep-  urban population with access to electricity

In 2022, the proportion of the urban population served with at least basic sanitation in Congo was 67.5 %. The proportion of the urban population served with access to electricity in Congo increased from 46.2 % in 2000 to 67.5 % in 2022, an absolute change of  21.3 pp between 2000 and 2022.

Congo Rep – Rural population  with access to electricity (%)

In 2022, the proportion of the rural population served with at least basic sanitation in Congo was 12.4%. Proportion of rural population served with access to electricity in Congo increased from 5.6 % in 2000 to 12.4 % in 2022  an absolute change of  6.8 pp between 2000 and 2022.

Congo, Rep – total population with access to electricity: A Global Perspective

As of 2022, only 50.6% of the population in Congo, Rep. had access to electricity, a significant improvement from the 29.4% recorded in 2000. This gradual rise over the past two decades reflects the resilience and determination of the Congolese people. Yet, it also underscores the ongoing challenges that many still face. In contrast, countries in other developing regions, particularly in Asia, enjoy nearly universal electricity access at 100%. The global average stands at an impressive 91.4%, highlighting the considerable disparities in energy availability that impact daily life and stifle economic progress. It is essential for all stakeholders—governments, organizations, and communities—to come together and address the pressing need for enhanced energy infrastructure in Congo, Rep. By collaborating, we can pave the way for a future where every individual has dependable access to electricity, improving their quality of life and unlocking the potential for growth and development. (Refer to the chart below for a visual comparison.)

Congo Rep-Share of the rural population with access to electricity: A Global Perspective

As of 2022, a mere 12.4% of the rural population in Congo, Rep has access to electricity, reflecting a modest increase from 5.6% in 2000. This statistic stands in stark contrast to the situation in regions such as South Asia and East Asia Pacific, where nearly 100% of rural populations enjoy reliable electricity access. This disparity significantly impedes daily life and economic development. It is imperative that governments, non-governmental organizations, and local communities collaborate to strengthen the energy infrastructure in Congo, Rep. By prioritizing investments in renewable energy sources such as solar and wind, we can address energy needs in a sustainable manner while safeguarding the environment.It is essential that we advocate for a future where energy access is recognized as a fundamental right, thereby paving the way for prosperity and well-being for all. Together, we can forge a path toward a more equitable future for all communities. (Refer to the chart below for a visual comparison).

 

Congo Rep – Health Outcomes

Congo, Rep. – life expectancy: A Global Perspective

In the journey of human progress, the global average life expectancy for newborns has risen significantly, from 47 years in 1950 to 71 years by 2021. However, this progress is not universal. In Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in the Republic of Congo, life expectancy has increased from 48 years in 1960 to 63 years in 2022, highlighting ongoing challenges in the region. In sharp contrast, the Maldives has experienced remarkable growth, with life expectancy soaring from 39 years in 1960 to 81 years in 2022. These disparities prompt a closer examination of the factors behind these outcomes. We encourage you to explore the accompanying chart to understand the complex trends that differentiate Sub-Saharan African nations from those in other developing regions, reflecting a nuanced interplay of health, policy, and socioeconomic conditions.

Congo, Rep.- Mortality Rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births): A Global Perspective

The under-five mortality rate is a key measure of how likely it is that a newborn will not survive to age five, reflecting current trends in child mortality. In 2022, the Republic of Congo reported a concerning rate of 41.6 deaths per 1,000 live births, a significant drop from 106.8 in 1980. Since 1950, there has been important progress in reducing child mortality worldwide, largely due to better living conditions, increased access to healthcare, improved nutrition, and clean drinking water. For instance, in 1980, the Republic of Congo and Bangladesh had under-five mortality rates of 106.8 and 206, respectively. By 2022, Bangladesh made impressive gains, reducing its rate to 29, while the Republic of Congo’s rate was about 42. We invite you to look at the detailed statistics in the accompanying chart and think about joining our mission to close the gap between Sub-Saharan Africa and other developing regions. Your participation is crucial for creating a significant impact.

Congo, Rep.-Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births): A Global Perspective

The maternal mortality ratio highlights a tragic reality—the number of women who die from pregnancy-related complications per 100,000 live births. In 2020, the Congo Rep. reported a ratio of 282, down from 660 in 2000. In contrast, countries like China, Sri Lanka, and South Korea had much lower ratios of 23, 29, and 8, respectively. Prioritizing maternal health is crucial for families and communities. By enhancing healthcare, promoting education, and fostering community support, we can ensure every woman receives the care she deserves. Together, by advocating for maternal health initiatives, we can build healthier families and a brighter future for the Congo, Rep. Let’s unite to create a resilient future where every citizen can thrive and sustainable practices lead development efforts.(See the chart below for a visual comparison).